Biological Basis Of Disease Module 3

Front 1

environmental health

Back 1

those aspects of human health, disease, and injury that are determined by these factors in the environment:

physical, chemical, biological, social, psychosocial

Front 2

contaminant

Back 2

a substance that is either present in an environment where it does not belong, or present at levels that might cause adverse health effects

Front 3

exposure

Back 3

contact with a substance by swallowing, breathing, or touching the skin or eyes

acute: short-term
chronic: long-term

Front 4

exposure pathway

Back 4

1. contaminant source
2. environmental media
3. exposure point
4. exposure route
5. receptor/population

Front 5

risk

Back 5

the probability that an event will occur

can either be assumed (personal) or imposed (from others)

Front 6

hazard

Back 6

a factor or exposure that may adversely affect health

Front 7

6 classes of toxicants

Back 7

1. pesticides
2. metals
3. solvents/vapors
4. radiation/radioactive materials
5. animal venoms/poisons
6. plants

Front 8

relationship between exposure to hazardous substance and adverse health effects

Back 8

1. environmental contamination
2. biological uptake
3. target organ contact
4. biologic change
5. disease

Front 9

3 sites of absorption

Back 9

dermis, alveoli, GI tract

Front 10

biotransformation phases

Back 10

phase I: redox, hydrolysis rxns
phase II: conjugation

Front 11

types of chemical-chemical interactions

Back 11

1. synergism (1+1=10)
2. potentiation (1+1=3)
3. antagonist (1+1=0)
4. promoter (1+0=2)

Front 12

hormesis

Back 12

a dose effect curve that starts out linear, decreases, then picks back up

Front 13

hockey

Back 13

a dose-effect curve that has a threshold before an effect occurs

Front 14

biomarkers

Back 14

indicators of change or variation in cellular or biochemical components, processes, structures, or functions that are measurable in humans

Front 15

biologically effective dose

Back 15

the amount of a toxin that will affect target organ if absorbed

Front 16

ionizing radiation

Back 16

many short EM waves that are localized in a particular area that causes alterations at the DNA level

IR-->free radicals-->alterations-->cell injury

Front 17

latent period

Back 17

changes occurring in the body but no symptoms are present

Front 18

natural and artificial sources of radon

Back 18

natural: rock, soil, water,

artificial: x-ray, nuclear medicine, consumer products

Front 19

influenza

Back 19

a contagious disease caused by an RNA virus that primarily affects the respiratory tract; primarily spreads through respiratory droplets (coughing/sneezing)

Front 20

antigenic drift

Back 20

a cumulative set of changes to a virus over time

Front 21

antigenic shift

Back 21

radical change in a virus that often involves a new surface protein and essential for pandemics to occur

Front 22

antigenic change

Back 22

a key feature of influenza viruses; can include minor changes over time or infrequent radical change

Front 23

viral load

Back 23

amount of viral copies you carry in the bloodstream

Front 24

pathogenicity

Back 24

ability of a pathogen (organism) to produce an infectious disease in another organism

Front 25

mutagenicity

Back 25

propensity of a physical or chemical agent to change the DNA of an organism

Front 26

virulence

Back 26

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease (its strength)

Front 27

incubation period

Back 27

the amount of time after a person is infected to show clinical symptoms

Front 28

3 conditions for a pandemic

Back 28

1. a new influenza A virus sub-type emerges in the population and

2. it infects humans and causes serious illness and

3. it spreads easily from person to person worldwide and be sustained among humans without interruption

Front 29

difference between seasonal outbreaks and pandemic outbreaks

Back 29

seasonal outbreaks are caused by subtypes of influenza viruses that ALREADY circulate among people. pandemic outbreaks are caused by new subtypes or subtypes that have never been circulated among humans before or in a long time

Front 30

why a pandemic influenza would be bad

Back 30

-rapid global spread (high morbidity/mortality)
-shortages and delays of vaccines
-increased burden on hospital systems
-impacts national and community infrastructures simultaneously

Front 31

isolation

Back 31

separation of people with a specific infectious illness from healthy individuals; restriction of movement to stop spread of illness

Front 32

quarantine

Back 32

separation and restriction of movement of persons not yet ill but exposed to an infectious agent
(they may become infectious)

Front 33

SARS

Back 33

Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome

a viral respiratory illness associated with the corona virus; symptoms similar to those of the flu, including nonproductive cough with hypoxia, but is more pathogenic because it can affect other organ systems

Front 34

four types of bacteria that cause chronic, infectious diarrhea

of these, which is the most common?
which has no specific treatment?

Back 34

1. campylobacter jejuni--most common bacterial cause
2. e. coli (O157:H7)
3. salmonella enteritidis
4. shigella

e. coli and shigella have NST

Front 35

three types of parasites that cause chronic, infectious diarrhea

Back 35

1. entamoeba hystolytica
2. giardia lamblia
3. helminthes

Front 36

three types of viruses that cause chronic, infectious diarrhea

Back 36

1. rota virus
2. Norwalk agent
3. HIV

Front 37

places from which chronic, infectious diarrhea can be contracted FROM BACTERIA

Back 37

1. e coli: contaminated beef
2. campylobacter: conatminated poultry
3. shigella: places w/ poor hygiene
4. salmonella: undercooked eggs, meat

Front 38

which bacteria/viruses/parasites can cause intestinal ulcerations?

Back 38

salmonella and entamoeba histolytica

Front 39

what is a physical manifestation of giardiasis

Back 39

greasy, floating stool

Front 40

Rotashield

Back 40

live virus vaccine no longer approved for use in children because of association with intussusception shortly after vaccination

Front 41

factors influencing microbe transmission

Back 41

-low dose
-person to person
-can survive under a variety of conditions (acid, temperature)
-antibiotic resistance

Front 42

factors influencing environment

Back 42

food production, globalization of food supply

Front 43

host factors

Back 43

-susceptible people (elderly, immuno-compromised)
-eating habits (fast food, diets)

Front 44

procedures assessing food hazards

Back 44

-inspection
-processing/water chlorination
-refrigeration/additives/preservatives
-pasteurization
-antibiotics/vaccines

Front 45

what is one of the highest priorities of the Global Aids Program (GAP)?

Back 45

mother to child transmission

Front 46

how is HIV detected?

Back 46

detection of the virus in blood

Front 47

what physiological marker serves as a guide for treatment regimens?

Back 47

CD4-T cell count

Front 48

common infections associated with HIV

Back 48

-candidiasis
-pneumocystis carinii
-TB
-malaria
-HPV

Front 49

hepatitis A

Back 49

infectious
NOT blood-borne

Front 50

which type(s) of hepatitis is/are contracted from serum (blood-blood exposure)?

Back 50

Hep B, C, D

Front 51

which type(s) of hepatitis is/are parenterally transmitted?

Back 51

Hep C

Front 52

what are the three types of people who are most at risk for Hep B?

Back 52

1. at-risk pregnant women
2. infants
3. health care workers

Front 53

what additional factors could promote the progression/severity of Hep C?

Back 53

-alcohol intake
-age (>40)
-HIV
-males?

Front 54

what is the most common source of infection for persons with Hep C?

Back 54

injecting drug use

Front 55

chlamydia trichomatis

Back 55

most frequently reported bacterial STD

-discharge
-burning sensation during urination
-pelvic inflammatory disease

...cause of infertility if untreated?

Front 56

gonorrhea

Back 56

on the decline after national control program

-males: discharge
-females: PID
-rectal infection

antibiotic treatment

Front 57

chancre

Back 57

uneven, painless growth that often goes unnoticed in the early stages of syphilis

Front 58

classical signs of syphilitic rash?

Back 58

doesn't itch or hurt; red or brown in color

Front 59

difference between secondary syphilitic penile lesions and chancre?

Back 59

the lesions hurt. a lot.

Front 60

syphilis-diagnosis, treatment

Back 60

microscopy to detect antibodies in blood

antibiotic treatment

Front 61

why is there a 2-5x increased risk for HIV in the presence of syphilis?

Back 61

open sores that are not painful and therefore not paid attention to

Front 62

HSV2

Back 62

genital herpes (herpes simplex II)

people are often unaware they've gotten it

blisters--> sores, healing takes awhile

Front 63

how are the physical manifestations of chancre and HSV2 different?

Back 63

HSV2 blisters are well-defined

Front 64

clinical manifestations of HPV

Back 64

-soft, moist swellings, either raised or flat
-cauliflower?

Front 65

treatment for HPV

Back 65

local application but no cure

Front 66

5 types of terrorism

Back 66

1. biological
2. chemical
3. radiological
4. nuclear
5. mass trauma

Front 67

bioterrorism agents--category A

Back 67

-anthrax
-botulism
-ebola, marburg fevers
-plague
-small pox
-tularemia

Front 68

bioterrorism agents--category B

Back 68

-brucellosis
-food safety threats (e.coli, salmonella)
-Q fever
-ricin toxin
-water safety threats

Front 69

bioterrorism agents--category C

Back 69

emerging infectious diseases (hanta, nipah virus)

Front 70

b. anthracis

Back 70

-causes anthrax
-gram-positive
-spore-forming

Front 71

3 clinical forms of anthrax

Back 71

-cutaneous
-inhalational
-gastrointestinal

Front 72

clinically-confirmed case of anthrax

Back 72

illness confirmed by isolation of B. anthracis or other laboratory evidence based on at least 2 supportive tests

Front 73

eschar

Back 73

black necrotic ulcer

Front 74

progression of cutaneous anthrax

Back 74

papule --> vesicular stage --> eschar (approx. 2 weeks)

Front 75

what is a key clinical feature of inhalational anthrax?

Back 75

mediastinal widening

Front 76

enanthem

Back 76

mucous membrane lesions that appear 24 hours before skin rash in smallpox

Front 77

enanthem characteristics

Back 77

-red spods on tongue, oral mucosa
-lesions enlarge, ulcerate, and become infectious (spec. in mouth)

Front 78

exanthem

Back 78

smallpox skin rash (21 days)

begins and most dense on face, extremities

Front 79

exanthem characteristics/stages

Back 79

macules-->papules-->vesicles-->pustules-->scabs

pustules are shotty

Front 80

contraindications for smallpox

Back 80

-immunodeficiency/immunosuppression
-acute/chronic skin conditions
-pregnancy

Front 81

5 families of RNA viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever

Back 81

-arena viridae
-bunyaviridae
-filo viridae
-flaviviridae
-paramyxoviridae

Front 82

biologic uptake route

Back 82

exposure-->absorption-->internal dose-->(distribution,metabolism, excretion)

Front 83

how are symptoms of Marburg HF different than those of Ebola HF?

Back 83

Marburg symptoms include those of Ebola, and then progress to include massive bleeding, shock, and delirium

Front 84

diagnostic tests for ebola hf

Back 84

-IgM ELISA
-PCR
-virus isolation

Front 85

ricin

Back 85

poison found in castor beans

exposure can be from ingestion, injection, or inhalation

Front 86

polarity increases...

Back 86

...fat solubility decreases, urinary excretion increases

Front 87

toxicity decreases?

Back 87

benzene-->phenol

Front 88

toxicity increases?

Back 88

methanol-->formaldehyde
VC-->epoxide

Front 89

3 types of biomarkers

Back 89

-exposure
-effect
-susceptibility

Front 90

3 types of risk assessment

Back 90

-human health
-ecological
-operational

Front 91

politics

Back 91

the total complex of relations between people living in society

Front 92

policy

Back 92

a definite course or method of action selected from among alternatives and in light of given conditions, to guide and determine present/future directions

Front 93

7 influences on environmental health policies

Back 93

1. public's concerns
2. expert's input
3. special interest groups
4. domestic economic policies
5. free trade policies
6. media
7. form of governance

Front 94

PACM model

Back 94

pressure-->action
^ |
| |
| |
| v
monitoring <- - change

Front 95

motivations to legislate

Back 95

-fear
-greed
-altruism
-power

Front 96

primary forms of disease&policy prevention

Back 96

-environmental laws
-regulations and standards
-alternatives to R&S

Front 97

secondary forms of disease&policy prevention

Back 97

-right-to-know
-public education
-medical education

Front 98

life cycle of entamoeba histolytica

Back 98

1. cysts/trophozoites passed in feces
2. mature cysts ingested
3. excystation-->trophozoites
3a. trophozoites (multiplication)
3b. cysts-->-->exits host