Biological Basis Of Behavior Midterm

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ventricle

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fluid-filled cavities in the brain

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3 types of ventricles

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lateral ventricle, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

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lateral ventricle

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the largest

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third ventricle

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the narrowest

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fourth ventricle

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a cavity

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tectum

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sensory processing and produces movement

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tegmentum

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perception of pain, species specific behavior

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hypothalmaus

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4 f's

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thalamus

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sensory processing, motor processing, motivation & memory

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neocortex

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mental activities

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basal ganglia

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controls movements

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limbic system

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emotions

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occipital

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vision

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temporal

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auditory visual gustatory

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parietal

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tactile

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frontal

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sensory & motivation

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hypothalamus governs

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the pituatary & conscious processes
whenever you think it goes to they hypothalamus and it releases hormones

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unipolar neuron

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cell body hangs off

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bipolar neuron

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cell body is on axon

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multipolar neuron

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cell body on one end dendrites on other

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multipolar interneuron

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no axon

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gyri

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bumps

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sulci

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grooves

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Aristotle

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mentalism

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Descartes

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dualism

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Darwin

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materialism

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brain cells came

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700 million yrs ago

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first brain came

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250 million yrs ago

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human like brain came

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3-4 million yrs ago

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modern brain came

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100-200thousand yrs ago

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animals that dont have a brain & spinal cord

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have ganglia (gang of neurons)

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meninges

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protect and cover brain
pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

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pia mater

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inner layer

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arachnoid

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cobweblike membrane

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dura mater

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outer layer

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principle of proper mass

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brain size is proportional to brain complexity

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human brain evolution
(4 categories)

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australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens

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12 cranial nerves

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one obese octopus touch the alien face after getting vigorous spending hours

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somatic breaks down into

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sensory & motor

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autonomic breaks down into

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afferent & efferent

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efferent of autonomic breaks down into

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sympathetic & parasympathetic

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corpus callosum

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calloborating/connecting 2 cerebral hemispheres

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neurons

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carry out the brain's major functions

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glial cells

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aid and modulate the neuron's activities
(there are more glial cells than neurons)

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neocortex layers

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6 layers

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limbic system

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3 or 4 layers

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soma

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cell body: energy

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dendrytes

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input

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axon

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long thin extension
transmission

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axon hillock

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site where axon exits the soma
establishing action potential

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myelin sheath

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fatty coating around the axon
insulation and conduction of electrical impulse

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nodes of ranvier

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gaps in myelin sheath
facilitation for electrical impulse

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axon terminals

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end of axon
release of neurotransmitters into synapse

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synapse

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gap between axon and another neuron
transmission of info to the other neuron

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nucleus

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function: encode and transcribe MRNA

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cytoplasm

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fluid compartment

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mitochondria

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energy storage and release

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ribosomes

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protein synthesis

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endoplasmic reticulum

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soft: fat synthesis
rough: protein synthesis/ transport of proteins

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golgi complex

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packaging substances into vacuoles

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microtubulues

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transport substance down the axon

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what makes myelin

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glial cells

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oligiodendroglia

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(myelin) provide insulation to neurons in the cns

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schwann

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(myelin) provide insulation to neurons in the pns

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homozygous refers to

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both parents give the same allele

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cannot release neurotransmitters without

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calcium

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membranes are made up of

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phospholopic bilayers

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hydrophobic

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tail

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hydrophilic

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head

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central dogma

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DNA makes RNA makes proteins

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functions of protein

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structural components of cell
enzyme that catalyzes chemical reactions in cells

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monogenic trait

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1 allele for dominant gene or 2 recessive
ie eye color color blindness

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polygenic

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each dominant gene or pair of recessive makes a contribution
ie weight, height, intelligence

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partial penetrance

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only under certain circumstances
alcoholism, obesity

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Tay Sach's Disease

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2 recessive alleles mutations on HexA
symptoms: seizures and blindness

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Huntington Chorea

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1 dominant gene isolated
symptoms show up in 30's & 40's
lacks control of movement

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Down's Syndrome

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3 chromosome 21's instead of 2
altered phenotype & mental retardation

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concentration gradient

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molecules diffuse equal distance from each other because molecules are constantly in motion

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voltage gradient/ electrostatic potential

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like ions repel each other
- + - +

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more sodium

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outside of the cell

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more potassium

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inside the cell

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more chloride

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outsideof the cell

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proteins are located

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only in the cell (makes it negative)

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resting potential equals

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the difference btwn the net charge inside the cell & outside the cell

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interneuron

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lack axons
depolarize or hyperpolarize in proportion to the intensity of the stimulus

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Type I synapse

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excitatory located on dendryte

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Type II synapse

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inhibitory located on cell body

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at neuromuscular junctions

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acetylcholine

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glutamate & GABA

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amino acids

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serotonin

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indolamine

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catecholamine

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dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

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adenosine, guanosine, aTP

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purine

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endorphins, enkaphalins, dynorphins

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opiods

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non opiods

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substance P, neuropeptide Y

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habituation

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less calcium goin in..less neurotransmitters firing

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sensitization

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potassium stays in longer so action potential lasts longer so more calicum comes in so more neurotransmitters fire

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ltp learnin occurs at

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the synapse

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glutamate binds to

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NMDA & AMPA

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encephalization

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is defined as the amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animal's total body mass.

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encephalization

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is defined as the amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animal's total body mass.

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group of axons

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within the brain tract
outside the brain nerve

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nucleus

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group of cells that form to make a functional group

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basal ganglia is a collection of

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nuclei

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chimeric technology

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having genes from2 diff species

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transgenic technology

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adding a gene to the genome

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chimeric technology

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having genes from2 diff species

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transgenic technology

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adding a gene to the genome