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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acetylcholine
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Chemical that causes contraction of skeletal muscles, helps regulate heart, transits messages to brain and spinal cord
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Dopamine
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Stimulates hypothalamus to make hormones. Affects alertness/movement
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Serotonin
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Associated with sexual activity, concentration, moods, and emotions.
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Endorphins
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The brain’s “pain killers”
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GABA
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Inhibits firing of neurons
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Spaces between segments of myelin
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Excitatory
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Neurotransmitters cause neuron on other side of synapse to generate an action potential (to fire)
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Inhibitory
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Synapse reduces or prevents neural impulses
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Reflex
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Simplest form of behavior; involves an impulse conduction over a few neurons. Ex. Blinking, sneezing, knee jerk
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Reflex arc
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Pathway of impulse conduction
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Afferent neurons
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Transmit impulses from sensory receptors to spinal cord/brain
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Interneurons
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Intervene between sensory and motor neurons; located within brain and spinal cord
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Efferent neurons
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Transmit impulses from sensory or intherneurons to muscle cells that contract or to gland cells that secrete.
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Effectors
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Muscle and gland cells
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Pineal Gland
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Produces melatonin that helps regulate circadian rhythms and is associated with seasonal affective disorders
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Hypothalamus
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Produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland
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Pituitary Gland
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“Master gland” Produces stimulating hormones that promote secretion by other glands. Ex. TSH, ACTH, FSH, ADH,
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Thyroid Glad
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Produces thyroxine, which stimulates and maintains metabolic activities.
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Parathyroids
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Produce parathyroid hormone that helps maintain calcium ion level in blood
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Adrenal Glands
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Produces steroid hormones such as cortisolProduces adrenaline
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Pancreas
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Insulin and glucagons regulate blood sugar
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Ovaries/Testes
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Necessary for reproduction/development of secondary sex characteristics
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TSH
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Thyroid Stimulating hormone
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ACTH
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Stimulates adrenal cortex
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FSH
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Stimulates sperm or egg production
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ADH
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Helps body to retain water
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Turner’s Syndrome
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Females have only one X sex chromosome; Lack ovaries, normal intelligence, webbed neck,
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Klinefelter’s Syndrome
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Males have XXY zygote; male secondary sex characteristics fail to develop, but breast tissue forms.
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Down Syndrome
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3 copies of chromosome-21; mental retardation, poor coordination,
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Tay-Sachs Syndrome
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Progressive loss of nervous function and death in babies.
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Albinism
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Failure to synthesize or store pigment, abnormal nerve pathways to the brain.
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Phenylketonuria
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Infant lacks an enzyme to process this amino acid, which can build up and poison cells of the nervous system.
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Huntington’s Disease
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Dominant gene defect; Degeneration of the nervous system.
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