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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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monogenists
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hold belief that all humans have common ancestry; variation by environment, climate
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polygenists
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multiple "initial" parents; different human groups (race)
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Carolus Linnaeus (history of race and biological anthropology)
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polygenist. categorized humans into:
Homo europaeus Homo afer Homo asiaticus Homo americanus |
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Johann Blumenbach
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naturalist; published "On the Natural Varieties of Mankind" 1776
most famous for studies involving craniometrics divided humans into: Caucasian Mongolian Negroid Malayan Americana |
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Samuel Morton
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measured cranial capacity (volume)
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Stephan J. Gould
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challenge's Morton's experimental method
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Paul Broca
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nueroanatomy; measured brains themselves
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intelligence
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development of IQ test contribute to racial bias in immigration qualifications
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Franz Boas (history of race and biological anthropology)
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"father of American anthropology"
German emigrant examine head shape of recent immigrants and that of his children finds: significant difference implications: environmental influences dictate, so classifying is ghey |
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racial typology
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dividing humans into ethnic groups
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craniometrics
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technique of measuring bones of the skull
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eugenics
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study and practice of selective breeding of humans
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Richard Lewtontin
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geneticist; found traits nonconcordant
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nonconcordant traits
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demonstrates lack of genetic diversity in humans regardless of "race"
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growth
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body's increase in size
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development
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progression from immaturity to maturity
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Philibert de Montbeillard
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French naturalist; recorded son's rate of growth
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curve of growth
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visualization of growth rate during human lifetime
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growth velocity
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speed with which organism grows in size (usually measured per year)
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stressors
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factors that can cause stress in organism, affecting proper functioning and homeostasis
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prenatal stage (
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3 trimesters over 40 weeks (embryonic, fetal, third)
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prenatal stage: embryonic
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fertilization to 8 weeks
.recognizably human .high risk - only 50% make it past 8 weeks |
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prenatal stage: fetal
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8 weeks to six months
.rapid rate of growth .most weight, length, systems fully grow |
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prenatal stage: third
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six months to birth
.rapid growth of internal organs .fetus fully responsive to external stimuli |
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postnatal stage
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birth to senesence (neonatal, infancy, 3 to 7 years, juvenile, adolesence)
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adult stage
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year 20 to end of childbearing years (when growth stops, save tissue maintainance)
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senesence
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organism's biological changes in later adulthood
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puberty (adolesence)
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commencement of sexual maturation: menarche, sexual dimorphism, etc.
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menarche
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onset of menstration in adolescent female
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sexual dimorphism
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difference in physical attributes between male and female of a species
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secular trend
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phenotypic change [in population] (ex. height) due to multiple factors
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motor skills
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performance of complex movements and actions that require control of nerves and muscles
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cognitive abilities
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capacity of brain to perceive, process, judge information from surrounding environment
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weaning
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process of substituting other foods for milk produced by mother
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genetic adaptation
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occurs at population level via natural selection
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developmental (ontogenetic) adaptation
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at individual level during critical period of growth/development; capacity to make change inherited; irreversible
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physiological adaptation (acclimatization)
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at individual level; can occur anytime in person's life; reversible
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cultural (behavioral) adaptation
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use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings
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functional adaptations
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biological adjustments that occur within individual's lifetime (inc. developmental adaptations, acclimatizations)
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homeothermic
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organism's ability to maintain constant body temperature despite variation in environmental temperature
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hypothermia
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condition in which organism's body temperature fall below normal range; may lead to loss of proper body functions, death
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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rate at which body expends energy to maintain basic body functions
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high altitude stress
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stresses include hypoxia (body tissues receive insufficient oxygen), high UV radiation, cold, wind, nutritional deprivation
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ecological anthropology
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study of human-environmental (culture-nature) relationships
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vertical farming
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method used in Andes that allows for cultivation of potatoes
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quechua
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language spoken primarily in the Andes
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potatoes
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staple crop in Andes agriculture
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llamas
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pack animals kept in Andes for meat and wool
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high altitude sickness
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sickness occurring at high altitudes; symptoms include headache, nausea, peripheral edema
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heat stress
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conditions due to overexposure or overexertion in high temperature environment
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vasodilation
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increase in blood vessels' diameter due to action of a nerve or a drug; can also occur in response to hot temperatures
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vasoconstriction
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decrease in blood vessels' diameter in response to cold temperatures; body aims to direct blood flow to core
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Bergmann's rule
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principle that animal's size is heat-related; smaller bodies adapted to hot environments, larger bodies to cold
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Allen's rule
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principle that animal's limb lengths are heat related; longer limbs adapted to hot environments, shorter limbs to cold
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Gloger's rule
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populations have lighter colouration in colder climates; darker colouration in hotter climates
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melanocytes
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melanin-producing cells located in skin's epidermis
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vitamin D
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steroid hormone that regulates calcium absorption and mineralization of the skeleton
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rickets
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condition in which poorly mineralized bones become soft, are prone to fracture, can warp or bow
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skin reflectance
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amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color
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melanin
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specialized cells that produce skin pigment
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total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
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number of calories used by an organism's body during a 24-hour period
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macronutrients
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essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally
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micronutrients
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essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal body functioning
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malnutrition
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condition that occurs when body does not get enough nutrients; caused by improper or inadequate diet and nutrition
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undernutrition
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type of malnutrition caused by inadequate food intake or body's inability to make use of needed nutrients
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Kwashiorkor
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type of malnutrition caused by insufficient protein in diet
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marasmus
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form of emaciation and wasting in an infant due to protein-energy malnutrition
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scurvy
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disease resulting from vitamin C deficiency
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overnutrition
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condition that occurs with too many calories, resulting in excess stored fat
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type 2 diabetes
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chronic disease marked by high levels of sugar in blood
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hypercholesterolemia
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presence of high levels of cholesterol in an organism's blood
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catch up growth
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rapid growth in infants or young children born small for their gestational age
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Franz Boas (bone biology and function)
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founded historical particularism
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historical particularism
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considered first American anthropological school of thought; argues that each culture has unique identity, and must therefore be seen as discrete units
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Wolff's law
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biomechanical stress placed on an individual's bones during developing years leads to higher bone mass; bone mass is produced where needed, taken away where not needed
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rigidity
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bone strength
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osteoblasts
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cells that lay down osteocytes
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osteocytes
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somatic cells that make up bone tissue
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Haversian system
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lengthwise canals that transport nourishment to bone tissues
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cortical bone
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compact bone; the outer surface of the bone
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bone mass
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mineral content, density of bone
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remodeling
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bone replacement and restoration; removal done by osteoclasts, replacement by osteoblasts
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cancellous bone
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spongy bone; trabecular bone; occupies interior region of bone
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lamellar bone
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bone structure that forms in layers (lamellae)
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periosteum
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layer of tissue on the outside of the medullary cavity
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endosteum
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layer of tissue on the inside of the medullary cavity
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medullary cavity
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central cavity of the bone shaft where the red and yellow bone marrow run
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osteoporosis
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loss of bone mass due to age; bones become brittle, porous, prone to fractures
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osteopenia
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thinning of the outer cortex of the bone
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