Biological Anthropology Final

Front 1

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation (EEA)

Back 1

Selection context for which a trait evolved

Front 2

Secular Trends in Growth

Back 2

Age of puberty is younger; people on average are taller now

Front 3

Life Span

Back 3

You age over time; diet and exercise can effect this

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Life Expectancy

Back 4

How long you should live; has changed the most in recent times (new meds and technology)

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Precocial

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Mature at birth

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Altricial

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Immature at birth

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Oxytocin

Back 7

Is important for uterine contractions in birth, milk let-down, maternal care, orgasm

Front 8

Vasopressin-Prairie Voles

Back 8

maintaining blood pressure; maintaining kidneys;
more vasopressin increases partner preference; blockage decreases partner preference

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Mullerian

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Female duct system; no traces left in males

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Wolffian

Back 10

Male duct system; traces left in females

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Unviable Y

Back 11

Unviable embryo because need an X chromosome

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Tripple X

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Two from mom, one from dad; not necessarily distinguishable from XX woman

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Kleinfeldter's Syndrome

Back 13

XXY: 2 X from mom 1Y from dad
Begins life as male, but at puberty shows female characteristics; gender identity = male

Front 14

Turner's Syndrome

Back 14

X chromosome from father only; puberty must be induced; female genitalia; often some learning disability (spatial reasoning); physical abnormalities: wide neck and short stature; gender identity = female

Front 15

Obstetric Dilemma

Back 15

Human babies are born immature compared to other mammals; traumatic birth; human brains enlarged in evolution; pelvis narrowed and shortened (bipedalism); gestation correct for species size

Front 16

Bias Learning

Back 16

Ex. Dolphins and Grey Squirrels; more likely to be trained to do something they naturally do

Front 17

Sensitive Period

Back 17

Primates: attachment (Harlow's Experiment)

Front 18

Taste Aversions

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learned in a single trial if nausea is produced (John Garcia)

Front 19

Imprinting

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Super Learning; under strong selection pressures; if you get them wrong you die; Salmon and Birds (ex)

Front 20

Fire Together Wire Together

Back 20

Born with more neurons than needed; use it or lose it; connections near each other work together

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Gray Matter

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Cortex; clumps called nuclei or ganglia

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White Matter

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forms into tracts of parallel axons; myelin sheaths

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Glia

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Provide oxygen and glucose to clean up neurotransmitters

Front 24

Mousterian Tools

Back 24

Used by H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, and modern H. sapiens; Complex shapes; prepared cores for flake production; retouching of edges; specialized points (possible hafting)

Front 25

Acheulean Tools

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Archaeic Homo;sharp bi-faced tools with complex edges made from carefully selected stone materials

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Oldowan Tools

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Used by A. Garhi (first user), then H. habilis, H. rudolphensis, Early H. erectus/ergaster; easily made; hit a core, get a tool

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Female Default

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Fetus bathed in female hormones (because mother is female); to become male must come from fetus (testosterone) and block female hormones; if nothing is done, you become female

Front 28

Supernormal Stimuli

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Exaggerated features are more desired Ex. Herring Gull Chicks more likely to peck at larger red pencil than at actual red dot on parent's beak for food

Front 29

Facilitated Learning

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strong biases for learning evolved due to consequences of error
Ex. Oyster catchers learning to feed safely and effectively; Human language

Front 30

Niche Construction

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Short circuit of natural selection; our actions have created world in which we live; we adapt to the environment we build

Front 31

Gigantism

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Body enlarges evolutionarily, but brain stays the same size; less encephilization
ex) Great Dane

Front 32

Dwarfism

Back 32

Bodies become smaller evolutionarily, but brain stays the same size; more encephlization
ex) Chihuahua

Front 33

Out of Africa (Replacement) Theory

Back 33

Modern H. sapiens left Africa and replaced all other hominids; genetic variation is recent; no interbreeding

Front 34

Candelabra (multi-regional) Theory

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Modern H. sapiens evolved from previous hominids after initially leaving Africa; genetic variation is old

Front 35

Pigmentation

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Superficial trait acquired subsequent to the last major migration out of Africa; small selection at midlatitudes for defense against UV damage; no selection in northern latitudes (If you need it you have it)

Front 36

Grandmother Effect

Back 36

Altriciality and long infant dependency is aided if non-reproducing grandmother contributes care

Front 37

Maternal Care Hypothesis

Back 37

Altriciality and long infant dependency requires living at least a decade past the last birth

Front 38

Menopause

Back 38

Human menopause roughly 2/3 through the lifecycle; adaptation for long infant dependency and grandmother care of grandchildren; ova run out

Front 39

Postnatal Growth in Humans

Back 39

Humans are born at expected gestation, but brains continue to grow postnatally

Front 40

Encephilzation

Back 40

How much you are above the average ratio of brain to body size at your specific body size

Front 41

Genotype

Back 41

What alleles you get

Front 42

Phenotype

Back 42

What traits are expressed

Front 43

Allele

Back 43

dominant and recessive parts that go into the genotype

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Homozygous

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rr vs. RR

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Heterozygous

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Rr

Front 46

Mitosis

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Cell division/reproduction

Front 47

Meiosis

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Gamete production

Front 48

Sex Chromosomes

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X and Y; don't recombine sexually; X from mom; X or Y from dad

Front 49

Anisogamy

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Gamete phenotypes; typically ovum and sperm (one for travel and expendability, the other for high survival)

Front 50

Ovum

Back 50

Selected for high survival, high investment of resources, protection and continued support

Front 51

Sperm

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Mobility, low production cost, dispersal and diversity; low survival

Front 52

Homologous

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Traits that come from a common ancestor; tailbone

Front 53

Analogous

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Traits that look the same because of use related evolution; wing and hand

Front 54

Prosimians

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Lorises, Tarsiers, Lemurs
Limited color vision; none in new world; smaller bodies; smaller social groups; un-fused mandibles; insect and gum eating; nocturnal; some reliance on olfaction

Front 55

Anthropoids

Back 55

Larger bodies; larger social groups; fused mandible; more fruit and leaf eating; diurnal; less reliance on olfaction; extensive color vision

Front 56

Primates

Back 56

Prehensile hands and feet; opposable thumb and big toe; flat nails; forward facing eyes; color vision; short muzzle; mostly uniparous; large brain with respect to body; need vitamin C

Front 57

Tarsiers

Back 57

Share characteristics with Lorises and Lemurs; look like primitive primate fossils; South East Asia; nocturnal and solitary hunters; pair bonds and small groups; globorous fingertips

Front 58

Lorises

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Pottos (subgroup); nocturnal; Asia; vary in size (galagos)

Front 59

Galagos

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Loris; multiparous; cash babies in nest; eat more fruit and varied diet; nocturnal; territory defense; BUSH BABIES

Front 60

Lemurs

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Found only on Madegascar; more diverse diet (leaves a lot of fruit); typically diurnal; reduced eyes; enlarged snout; have group and solitary living

Front 61

New World Monkeys

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Platyrrhine; ancestors rafted across the Atlantic Ocean; Nostrils facing outward; 3 premolars; prehensile tails

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Old World Monkeys

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Catarrhines; apes; no prehensile tail; downward nostrils; 2 premolars
Catarrhines (OW Monkeys and Apes)
Cercopithecoids (OW Monkeys only) - Colobines and Cercopithecines

Front 63

Colobus Monkey

Back 63

Chimps hunt them

Front 64

Capuchin Monkey

Back 64

Nut cracking; medicinal plant use; NW Monkey

Front 65

Guenon

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Cercopitheine; uses color signaling to show maturity or sex; live in groups of different species

Front 66

Bonobos

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Ape; polyandry; sex greetings; no sexual competition; strong male-female friendships; largest estrus swelling (no explanation for it); large testes; not much emigration; almost bipedal but can't fully erect; closely related to chimps

Front 67

Orangutans

Back 67

Solitary; only one or two species; live in Asia; throat pouch; eat leaves and fruit; males defend territory with two to three females and offspring (sumatra); mixed terrestrial forms of locomotion; Same lineage as Sivapithecus; fat pads

Front 68

Gorillas

Back 68

Ape; polygyny (one male); lowland and mountain; folivorous; large digestive system; travel in groups; sexually dimorphic males; female defense polygyny; female transfer or abduction; male emigration to form new group; forelimbs longer than hindlimbs; chest beating display; males force themselves to mate; knuckle walkers

Front 69

Macaques

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Cercopithecine; Africa and Asia; Japan; wash sweet potatoes and rice in water

Front 70

Langur

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Colobine; Infanticide: new male coming to power, brings females back to estrus

Front 71

Squirrel Monkey

Back 71

NW Monkey

Front 72

Tamarin

Back 72

Sap or gum eating; twin; polyandrous; need to defend a territory; multi-male one female;

Front 73

Howler Monkey

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NW Monkey; defend territory using loud vocalization by enlarged lower jaw and hyoid bone; only male howls

Front 74

Baboon

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OW Monkeys; social learning: one group hunts flamingos; coalitions; estrus swelling; big canine display; multi-male multi-female groups

Front 75

Saki

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NW Monkey

Front 76

Gibbon

Back 76

Ape; ribcage closer to hip joint; can swivel hands; monogamous; defend territory together; small brachiators; frugivorous; pair bonded; biparental care; colors distinguish male or female; duet

Front 77

Mandrill

Back 77

Baboon species that live in forest

Front 78

Sivapithecus

Back 78

South Asia; 15-9 MYBP; similar to Orangutans; same lineage as Gigantopithecus

Front 79

Gigantopithecus

Back 79

China; 1-2 MYBP; largest primate ever; relative of Orangutan; thick enamel; massive robust jaw; tough fibrous foods

Front 80

Homo sapiens

Back 80

Found Everywhere; 200,000-100,000 YBP; vertical foreheads; big brain; small brow ridge; reduced sexual dimorphism; used upper paleolithic stone tools; culture

Front 81

Homo neanderthalensis

Back 81

Europe and Near East; 250-25,000 YBP; mousterian tools; brain size close to human; less prognathous robust face; orbital torus; large nose; extensive turbinate; heavier bones; slight conical ribcage; intentional burial/art (culture); interbreeding with H.sapiens (possible); mtDNA varies from H.sapiens; genome sequenced and shares traits with H.sapiens genome; not mute; gene mutation for O blood type; lacked ability to digest milk in adulthood

Front 82

Homo erectus

Back 82

China, Georgia, Java, Africa; 1.8MYBP-25,000YBP; robust but otherwise modern post-cranial skeleton; reduced sexual dimorphism; Acheulean tools; multi-male multi-female groups; intermediate brain size, then later within the human range (800-1200cc); doesn't make it to western hemisphere or australia

Front 83

Homo ergaster

Back 83

Kenya, Tanzania, Etheopia; 2.5-1.8MYBP; reduced face and zygomatic arch; reduced molars; small canines; extensive oldowan tool use; reduced sexual dimorphism; also use acheulean tools; use of fire may have allowed ergaster to outcompete australopithecines

Front 84

Homo habilis

Back 84

Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya; 2.4-1.8MYBP; oldowan tools; small molars; large incisors; thin enamel; rounded cranium; reduced face and orbital torus; small brain (500cc); less sexual dimorphism

Front 85

Homo rudolfensis

Back 85

Koobi Fora, Malawi; 2.5-1.7MYBP; broad face; large teeth; large brain; oldowan tools; first species with brain larger than other apes

Front 86

Australopithecus garhi

Back 86

Gona, Ethiopia; 2.5MYBP; first to use oldowan tools; large molars and incisors and sagittal crest; small brain; prognathic face

Front 87

Australopithecus africanus

Back 87

South Africa; 3.3-1MYBP; large zygomatic arch and sagittal crest; very sexually dimorphic; bipedal; 6 lumbar vertebrae; small body; some climbing adaptations still present

Front 88

Australopithecus robustus

Back 88

South Africa;1-2MYBP; large zygomatic arch and sagittal crest; big molars; massive face

Front 89

Homo heidelbergensis

Back 89

Europe and Africa; 600,000-250,000YBP; Robust face; large orbital torus; prognathic; high forehead; smaller teeth than erectus and ergaster; big brain; acheulean tools; mousterian tools

Front 90

Homo florensiensis

Back 90

Hobbit; very small; seems to be most recent hominid before modern human; Flores Island of Indonesia; 18,000YBP; small brain size; likely caused by insular dwarfing; complex stone tools; upper paleolithic tools

Front 91

Vervet Monkey

Back 91

3 alarm calls (leopard, snake, eagle); infants learn to inhibit calling except for predators

Front 92

Ape

Back 92

OW Monkey; no tail

Front 93

Protein Functions

Back 93

Catalyst; structural element; chaperone; recognition or signaling elements

Front 94

Stabilizing Selection

Back 94

disadvantage on each end; optimal range; optimal range gets smaller

Front 95

Directional Selection

Back 95

Things changing; transmutation; form one form to another to another

Front 96

Disruptive Selection

Back 96

Environment in which a speicies is required to be in two different forms; average=disadvantage; divide into two groups; push traits to the extreme

Front 97

Maladaption (causes)

Back 97

Selection conditions change (agriculture, industry, migration)
Causality is misunderstood or cryptic (birth control, colostrum denial)
Elites manipulate (war, religious sacrifice)
Costs of exploitation accumulate over time (ecological over-exploitation, global warming)