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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Molecular Genetics |
The study of DNA, RNA, proteins, ect. (genetics on a biochemical level) |
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Mandelian Genetics |
The study of how genes are inherited (genetics on a individual level) |
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Population Genetics |
The study of how genes behave in a population (genetics on a population level) |
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Prokaryotic Cells |
-do not possess a nucleus -unicellular, but may form colonies -examples: bacteria and blue-green algae |
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Eukaryotic Cells |
-more complex -contain various types of organelles -can be unicellular (paramecia, amoebas) or multicellular (animals, plants, fungi) |
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Organelle |
A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually surrounded by a membrane |
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Nucleus (Organelle of a Eukaryotic Cell) |
Houses chromosomes |
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Mitochondria (Organelle of a Eukaryotic Cell) |
Responsible for energy production |
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Ribosomes (Organelle of a Eukaryotic Cell) |
Essential in protein manufacturing |
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Golgi Body (Organelle of a Eukaryotic Cell) |
Collects and dispatches proteins |
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Somatic Cells (Type of Eukaryotic Cell) |
All of the cells in the body except those involved in reproduction |
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Gametes (Type of Eukaryotic Cell) |
Reproductive Cell -Sperm in males -Eggs (or ova) in females -made by gonads (testes in males; ovaries in females) |
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Zygote (Type of Eukaryotic Cell) |
Fertilized egg cell |
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Double Helix |
DNA takes the form of a "twisted ladder" known as a double helix |
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DNA Structure Discovery |
-Discovered in 1953 -Discovered by Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin |
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DNA Structure |
DNA is made up of two strands of smaller molecules known as nucleotides |
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Three Components of Nucleotides |
-a phosphate unit -a sugar molecule (deoxyribose) -one of four nitrogenous DNA bases |
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DNA Stands For: |
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid |
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DNA Bases |
Adenine (A) -purine Guanine (G) -purine Thymine (T) -pyrimidlnes Cytosine (C) -pyrimidlnes |
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DNA Bases Continued |
a purine pairs with a pyrimidine: -Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) -Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) |
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Chromosomes |
A DNA molecule is wrapped around specialized proteins called histones, coiled and coiled again The end result of this coiling is a chromosome |
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Chromosomes (Continued) |
-Often depicted as having an X shape -Chromosomes in this depiction have already been duplicated in preparation for cell division (mitosis and meiosis) -The two sides of the X are identical and known as sister chromatids -The two sister chromatads are connected at the centromere -The long arm of a chromosome is the q arm -The short arm is the p arm |
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Chromosomes (Continued) |
Chromosomes exist in pairs -One from each pair is inherited from the mother and one from the father Members of a chromosome pair are called homologous chromosomes -Chromosomes in a pair influence the same traits, but the DNA may vary -As such, they can produce different expressions of the same trait |
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Chromosomes (Continued) |
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are known as autosomes and numbered according to their length -Chromosome 1 is the longest -Chromosome 22 is the shortest |
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Sex Chromosomes |
The 23rd pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes -Females have two X chromosomes -Males have an X and a Y chromosome |
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Meiosis |
The process of creating gametes (sex cells) The process of meiosis begins with a diploid cell, but the end result is four haploid cells, which have a half set of chromosomes |
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Recombination |
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
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Protein Synthesis |
The second of the two primary functions of DNA |
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Proteins |
Complex molecules formed from chains of amino acids such as: Insulin - causes cells in liver and certain types of muscle tissue to absorb glucose Hemoglobin - occurs in red blood cells; binds to oxygen Collagen - most common protein in the human body; major component in all connective tissue |
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Proteins (Continued) |
Proteins are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids |
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Amino Acids |
All of the proteins in the human body are made from only 20 amino acids: 9 are obtained from dietary sources and known as essential amino acids 11 are produced in cells |
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Protein Synthesis |
Protein Synthesis involves two steps: transcription and translation In the nucleus, the DNA code is transcribed (copied) in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA) Messenger RNA is then translated into a protein in the cytoplasm |
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Trascription |
The formation of messenger RNA Messenger RNA forms on the DNA template strands in the same manner as DNA replication |
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RNA |
Similar to DNA but single stranded with a different sugar (ribose) In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (A pairs with U instead) After the mRNA strand is formed, it moves out of the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the translation occurs |
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Translation |
The "reading" of a segment of mRNA to assemble a protein |
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Codon |
A triplet of mRNA bases that codes for an amino acid or the initiation or termination of the translation process Each amino acid is attached to a segment of transfer RNA (tRNA) that pairs up with appropriate codon on mRNA Amino acids are joined together in a polypeptide chain to form a protein |
