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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polytypic
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referring to species composed of populations that differ in the expression of one or more traits
Homo sapiens are a polytypic species |
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Ernest Mayr
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Wrote Systematics and the Origin of Species (1942)
Evolutionary Biologist Known as the Darwin of the 20th century |
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Carolus Lineasus
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Wrote Systema Naturae
Typological approach to race identifying "types" or subspecies |
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Monogenism
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All are believed to be descended from a common race
At one time it was supported with the biblical story of creation. In 1537, Pope Paul II declared American Indians to be human |
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Polygenism
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Multiple creation events, that lead to the variation in the human population
Based on young Earth ideas, current degree of variation could not be explained in a single creation event |
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Johann Blumenbach
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German anatomist
classified humans into five races: while, black, yellow, red, brown |
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Earnest A. Hooten
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American physical anthropologist at Harvard
Used non adaptive traits to get real differences between races |
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Carelton Coon
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1962
5 races threshold of Homo sapiens crossed multiple times some races evolved before others |
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Stanley Garn
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Theorized that an early hominid species killed off the more inferior species in China and Java.
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Multiregionalism
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Hypothesis that argues that our earliest ancestors radiated out from Africa and Homo sapiens evolved from several different groups of Homo erectus in several places throughout the world
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Out of Africa
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Also known as African replacement hypothesis
Every living human being is descended from a small group in Africa, who then dispersed into the wider world displacing earlier forms, such as Neanderthal. Eve hypothesis suggest that all humans descended from one female |
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Craniometry
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Measuring the bones of the Skull
In the 19th century the measurements were believed to be related to IQ |
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Anthropometry
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measurement of living human individuals for the purpose of understanding human physical variation
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Samuel G. Morton
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Anatomist, is considered the father of "scientific racism"
Measured the skulls of different races to determine the white race was superior, Used different materials to measure the races, which resulted in skewed results. He also did not correct for body size |
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Franz Boas
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Father of American Anthropology, Known for his immigrant studies, found racial plasticity
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Primate Distinctions
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Postorbital bar
Steroscopic vision Big brains (relative to body size) Petrous bulla Dental formula (primitive 2-1-4-3) (Derived 2-1-3-3) Pentadactyly: grasping hands and feet with a divergent big toe (hallux) and thumb (pollex) Clavicles Single pair of pectorally positioned nipples Long gestation period & smaller litter size (1-2) Increased period of infant dependency, long learning period and increased life span tendency to live in large complex groups |
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Pentadactyly
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5 digits, a shared derived feature
It is a primitive characteristic |
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Prosimians
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Known as lower primates
Are of Old World distribution Characteristics: Moist rhinarium (nose), toilet (grooming) claw on 2nd digit foot, Dental comb (procumbent front teeth of lower jaw), whole hand prehension, Olfactory marking |
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Lemurs
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Family: Lemundae
Fruigvore/folivores Dinural/nocturnal Large body size Vertical clinger and leeper |
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Aye Aye
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Family: Doubentoniidae
Continuously growing incisors Elongated digits of the hand Nocturnal, omnivorous Solitary |
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Lorises
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Family: Lorisidae
Old World: Africa & Asia Nocturnal Slow, deliberate climbers Proteinivarous Poisionous elbows Hunted |
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Galago "bush baby"
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Family: Galagidae
Old World: Africa Prominent pinnae (ears) Vertical clingers |
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Haplorhines
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Tarsiers, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Hominoids
New and Old world distribution Characteristics: Placental/fetal development lack of moist rhinarium lack of tapetum lucidum (a reflective layer of the eye that results in better night vision) |
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Tarsiers
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Family: Tarsidae
Old World: Island Southeast Asia very specialized, rat-sized vertical clingers and leapers Nocturnal, insectivorous Large eyes -- orbits Lack rhinarium and tapetum lucidum |
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Platyrrhines
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New World monkeys
Infraorder: Platyrrini Mainly arboreal small body size 3 premolar teeth Wide array of diet, locomotion, behavior etc. Some have prehensile tail |
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Cebids
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Capuchin Monkey, squirrel monkey
Dexterous, omnivorous (insectivore--frugivore) quadrupedal running and walking 2-1-3-3 |
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Callitrichids
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Family containing marmosets and tamarins
Most primitive monkey Claws on digits except the hallux Lack prehensile tails 2-1-3-2 dental formula Twinning is common, father's often transport offspring |
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Pithiicids
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Sakis owl monkey (only nocturnal anthropoid primates)
Hard fruit, seed eaters |
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Atelidde
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Spider monkey; woolley spider monkey, howler monkey
Largest bodied new world monkey Prehensile tail with friction ridges Schizodactyly (between fingers grasping ability)--pollex absent or reduced |
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Catarrhines
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Old World Monkeys and apes (hominoidea)
2-1-2-3 dental formula Old World distribution--except Homo sapiens |
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Cecropithecines
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Old World monkeys
Cheek pouch monkeys Mainly African distribution--except Macaca Broad incisors and highly crowned molars Long thumbs Arms=leg length |
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Macaques
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Old World monkeys
Medium sized Generalized anatomy Quad running and walking Eclectic diet habits |
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Colobines
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Old World monkeys
Leaf eating monkeys Mainly Asian distribution Really high crowned molars Folivorous diet Specialized digestion |
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Gibbons
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Hominoidea
Family: Hylobates "lesser apes" South East Asian distribution Characteristics: Small body mass (5-11 kg) males=females Monkey like but specialized True "brachiator" with long fore limbs and thumbs Good precision grip High intermembral index Frugivores; folivours Sing duets (maintain pair bonds, defend territory) |
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Orangutan
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Family: Homidae
Sub family: ponginae Island Southeast Asia Characteristics: Extreme sexual dimorphism, especially body size Suspensory (quadrumanus climbers), slow climbers Solitary, males are territorial Exploded unimale polygyny Mother and offspring overlap with other mothers and their offspring |
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Gorrilla
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Largest living primate
Critically endangered Characteristics: Extreme sexual dimporhism, especially body size Knuckle walker Small groups (up to 20) Alpha male is known as the silverback Folivory diet: low quality leaves and shoots Unimale polygyny |
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Chimpanzees
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Multimale polygyny
Pan paniscus: Bonobos- "pygmy" chimp Democratic Republic of the Congo Habitat is a low land rain forest and swamp forest Least studied of great apes ~40 kg Linear muscular body and small heads Knuckle walking Omnivore, frugivore Frequent copulations (G-G rubbing) Pan troglyodyte Common chimp Central Africa 3 sub species Habitat is rainforests to dry savannahs True omnivores 33-60 kg complex fission-fussion social organization tool use and learned behavior |
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Captive vs. Field Studies
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Captive:
Advantage-Control Disadvantage-not natural behaviors Field: Advantage-natural conditions Disadvantage-Difficult to observe |
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Continental Drift
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Earth's surface is divided into large plates
Proposed by Wegener 1912 Super continent Pangaea Wegener was unable to explain the process, suggested that the continents had been pulled apart by the centrifrugal pseudoforce of the Earth's rotation |
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Plate tectonics
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Drawn from two "subtheories"
Continental drift Sea floor spreading Size/position of plates change over time Edges of plates are sites of intense geological activity |
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Subduction
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Magma is generated at subduction zones where dense oceanic plates are pushed under lighter continental plates
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Taphonomy
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the science of describing the processes by which organic remains become fossils and applies this knowledge to the fossil assemblage
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Absolute dating technique
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Geochronology
Time signatures recorded in radioactive isotopes and their decay rate Isotopes are varieties of an element based on the number of neutrons Capturing the origin and history of a particular element in undisturbed rock material Sedimentary rock is difficult to absolute date Igneious rock is the simplest rock to absolute date |
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Divisions of Geological Time
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Eons-Era-Periods-Epochs
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Phyletic gradualism
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change that accumulates gradually in evolving lineages
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Punctuated equilibrium
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The concept that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid period of change
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Monotremes
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the "egg laying mammals"
primitive mammals mammary glands but not nipples no teeth |
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Marsupials
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the pouched mammals
primitive mammals young are born very early--extremely immature immune response from mother |
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Eutherian
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Placental mammals
placenta protects mother and young young are born at a more mature, more developed stage |
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Euprimates
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Eocene appearance
Post orbital bar Nails on grasping digits Unreduced dental formula Unspecialized dentition |
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Adapids
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Early-late Eocene
Prosimian-like post crania Big canines Body size greater or equal to 1 kg Probably dinural Ancestral strepsirhines: Adapis Notharctus |
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Omomyids
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Eocene
Tarsier like: Large orbits elongated tarsal bones big incisors body size is less than 1 kg |
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Darwinius
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Author contend it is ancestral to extant anthropoids
clarified strepsirhines-haplorhine dichotomy homoplasy shown- more lemur-like adapoids than anthropoids |
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Parapithecids
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Extra Premolar
Platyrrhine post cranium |
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Oligopithecids
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Strepsirhine-like teeth
Fused frontal Post-orbital septum |
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Proconsul
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First discovered 1948
Mary Leakey Big for its time 15 kg Dental ape Arboreal quadruped with monkey like limbs Presence of tail is unknown one time human ancestor about 20 mya |
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Equatorius
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15 mya East Africa
Teeth like living apes Intermediate post cranium |
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Morotopitheous
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Proconsul-like teeth
Skeleton indicates suspensory locomotion |
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Sivapithecus
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Middle to late Miocene (12.5-7 mya)
Asian radiation several species Post cranially primitive related to Pongo |
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Dryopithecus
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European Ape
Middle Miocene Uncertain affinities |
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Quaranopithecus
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Middle Miocene (10-9 mya)
Described 1972 Large body size 70+ kg Facial features, dentition link with African Ape-Human clade |
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Oreopithecus bamboli
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Monte bamboli, Italy
Late Miocene (8 mya) Discovered 1872 Highly specialized teeth Long arms=suspensory Pelvis=bipedal |
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Pierotapithecus
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Spain 12.5-13 mya
More brachiating than modern chimps Lack specialization of suspensory locomotion seen in orangutans or other fossil apes |
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Gigantopithecus
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Largest known primate to date
Only have mandibles and teeth fossils Late Miocene-Pleistocene India and China- found fossils in apothecary jars Molar like Pongo |
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Ramapithecus
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Middle to Late Miocene
Africa and Asia 3-4 feet tall small canines Big molars thick enamel Probable biped, tool user |
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The Miocene
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Hominoids, catarrhines, platyrrhines
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Adductive
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hallux or pollux connected near the other phalanges
ex. Human foot |
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Abductive
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hallux or pollux disconnected from other phalanges
ex. human hand |
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4 Major trends that define human evolution
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1. Locomotory shift to bipedalism
2. Greater encephalization 3. Reduction of dental size and dimorphism 4. Emergence and development of complex tool making |
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Mosaic evolution
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the piece by piece emergence of a new form
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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Discovered by Michel Brunet in 2002
Material includes: 1 distorted cranium and several jaw fragments, some teeth all dated to between 7-6 mya based on relative faunal analysis Found in chad |
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Orrorin tugenensis
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Discovered by Brigitte Senut and Martin Pickford in 2000 in the Tugen Hills of Kenya
Materials include: Some teeth, assorted jaw fragments, assorted portion of lower limbs, of at least 5 individuals Date between 6.1-5.7 mya Found in Tugen Hills, which is a part of the rift valley Orrorin is the oldest hominin found in the rift valley |
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Ardipithecus
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Discovered by Tim White in Middle Awash Ethiopia
2 species: Ardipithecus Kadaba Ardipithecus ramidus The feet have an abducted big toe, which may be for grasping during climbing and not a sign of bipedality Mid-foot is stiff like humans, which may be for bipedal propulsion |
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Australopithicus anamensis
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Oldest Australopith 4.2-3.9 mya
found at sites in northern Kenya near lake Turkana and Northern Ethiopia Features: very advanced biped sexually dimorphic small brained thick enamel Ape dental arcade shape |
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Australopithicus afarensis
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Probably the most famous and well studied of all human fossil taxa
crucial evolutionary link between chimps and humans Lived from 3.8-2.9 mya found in Ethiopia Kenya and Tanzania Features: Large pointed canines and maxillary diatema ape dental arcade occipital cranial crest longer upper limbs curved fingers valgus knees human like feet sexually dimorphic Laetoli footprints 3.6 mya 3 individuals |
