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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylum Mollusca
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-Mostly Aquatic: Snails, slugs,clams, oysters,octopi.
-Bilateral Symmetry w/ true coelem -Unsegmented -Parts: Mantle, muscular foot, visceral mass. |
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Muscular Foot
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-Used for locomotion and food capture
-Covered with soft epithelium -May secrete mucus |
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Visceral Mass
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-Contains most of internal organs of a Mollusk
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Digestive System of Mollusks
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-More complicated than phylum before
-Complete(separate mouth & anus) -Mouth, Stomach, and intestine -Radula: Rasping tongue w/ chitinous teeth. |
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Excretory System of Mollusks
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-Simplest animal w/ this
-Nephridia: Tubes that gather wastes from coelem -Walls of Nephridia reabsorb needed compounds -Waste discharged into mantle cavity and pumped out by gills |
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Circulatory System of Mollusks
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-Some closed, some open
-3 chambered heart -Some fast cephalopods have auxillary hearts to speed blood mov't |
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Reproductive Systema and Life Cyle of Mollusks
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-Most have separate sexes, but many snails are hermaphroditic
-Trochophore: ciliated free-swimming larva -Veliger: Second Stage in development of most snails and bivalves-> Has beginning of mantle and foot |
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Mantle of Mollusks
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-Folds from dorsal body wall
-Mantle Cavity: between mantle and visceral mass, may act as lung or enclose gills-> filamentous projections of mantle, rich in blood vessels, large surface area for gas exchange *Siphons: move in and out of mantle cavity, may be used to bring in food or for jet propulsion |
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Shell of Mollusks
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-Secreted by mantle
-Protection -One or 2 valves(shells) -Outer Layer: Protein, protects from eroding -Middle Layer: Crystals of Calcium Carobonate -Inner Layer: Pearly, increases in thickness throughout life *Pearls form between inner layer and mantle in bivalves. |
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Class Polyplacophora
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-Chitons
-Marine -Body beneath is unsegmented -Use foot for locomotion and for attachment |
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Class Gastropoda
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-Snails and slugs
-"stomach foot" -Most have single shells -Operculum: horny plate that forms a "door" for when the snail withdraws into its shell -Coiling Shell due to one side of larva growing faster than the other side -Visible head, foot and visceral mass -Mantle cavity as lung -Diversity in feeding, most herbaceous |
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Class Bivalvia
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-Clams, oysters, scallops etc.
-2 shells hinged together by adductor muscles -Siphons for filter feeding -No distinct head -Stong muscular foot -Sessile or move by clapping shells together |
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Class Cephalopoda
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-Octopi, squid, cuttlefish
-1 or 0 shells: Octopi= No shell, Squid and Cuttlefish= Internal shell remnant for support, Nautilus= chambered shell -Highly developed nervous system (giant axons) -Elaborate eyes -Most intelligent invertebrates -Foot= grasping tentacles with suckers -Jet propuslision from siphons -Closed circulatory system(only mollusk with this) -Beak at radula for biting -Squid and Octopi: Ink for trapping or escaping *Cuttle-fish, squid and octopi change colors using CHROMATOPHORES (pigment pouches |
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Phylum Annelida
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-Segmented worms
-Polcheates, earthworms, and leeches -Segments separated by *Septa* -fluid in coelem acts as hydrostatic skeleton(muscles push against fluid) -Ventral nerve cord and circulatory blood vessels connect segments *Setae* Bristles of chitin -Closed circulatory system -Gas exchange through skin -Excretory system includes *Nephridia-> 2 per segment, waste out of coelem by excretory tubes |
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Class Polychaeta
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-Unusual and colorful forms
-Plumed worms, peacock worms, fan worms -Filter feeders -More cephalized than most Annelida *Parapodia: fleshy paddle-like flaps used for moving and gas exchange -Sexes separate: yet lack permanant gonads-> make gametes from cell lining of coelem -External fertilization -Trocophore larva: ciliated |
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Class Oligochaeta
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-Earthworms
-Eat through soil -Hermaphroditic -join in opposite directions at *clitellum* secretes mucus to hold 2 worms together -share sperm and each lays eggs in mucus cocoon which protects fertilized eggs |
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Class Hirudinea
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-Leeches
-mostly freshwater -hermaphroditic with clitellum -reduced segmentation and coelom -Flattened -No setae -Suckers -Many suck blood -Chitinous jaw used to rasp through skin, produce anticoagulant to keep blood flowing. |
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Phylum Arthropoda
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-Spiders, insects, lobsters
-Jointed appendages -Exoskeleton of chitin -strong but brittle -Ecdysis: Molting -Segmented: fused into TAGMATA(sections)*important in arth.evolution -Distinct head with brain -Cephalothorax: fused head and thorax -Abdomen -No cilia -limited coelom -open circulatory system *heart= longitudinal dorsal vessel w/ 2 openings at brain end and into coelom |
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Respiratory System in Arthropods
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-System of branched, cuticle-lined air ducts *Tracheae*
-small tracheoles in direc contact with cells -air gets in through holes in exoskeleton *spiracles* -Some have Book Lungs or Book Gills (series of sheets in a chamber for gas exchange) |
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Excretory System in Arthropods
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-Varies
-Unique-> Malpighian tubules ~Slender projection of digestive tracts ~Fluid passes through them ~wastes are emptied into hindgut ~water and salt reabsorbed |
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Nervous System in Arthropods
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-Two chains of ganglia along ventral surface
-Front= 2 fused ganglia pairs -Ventral control most functions -Compound eyes: composed of several ommatidia -Simple eyes (ocelli)also present |
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Subphylum Chelicerata
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-Spiders horseshoe crabs, spiders
-Lack jaws -First pair of appendages are *Chelicerate(fangs)* -2nd pair are pinchers or feelers *Pedipalps* -Rest of appendages are legs (8 legs) |
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Class Arachnida
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-Scorpions, spiders, mites, and ticks
-Chelicerae are fangs w/ poison gland -8 walking legs -Carnivorous (mites are herb) -Ingest liquified food |
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Order Opiliones
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-Harvestman or Daddy long legs
-Oval compact body -Long, slender legs -Predators of insects and arachnids -Ovipositor for laying eggs |
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Order Scorpiones
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-Scorpions
-Pedipalps are pinchers -Stinger in last segment of abdomen -Most ancient groups -Young borne alive |
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Order Araneae
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-Spiders
-2 body segments: Prosoma(cephalothorax) and opisthoma(abdomen) -Book lungs -Produce silk from protein forced out of spinnerets -Control insect population -hunt or use webs -pedipalps used to deposit and transfer sperm -Poison glands are conncected to fangs-> used to paralyze prey |
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Order Acari
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-mites and ticks
-Chelicerae fused into *capitulum* used for piercing -Cephalothorax and abdomen fused -pests of crops and plants *Ticks: Blood feeding ectoparasites that transmit disease |
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Class Merostomata
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-Horseshoe crabs
-"living fossils" -Pedipalps appear like legs - 5 pairs of Book Gills -Shell called *Carapace* -Long tail called *Telson* |
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Subphylum Crustacea
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-Shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, crabs, barnacles
-Sensory antennae as 1st Appendages (2 pairs) -Biramous Appendages -"two-branched" -paired jaws *Nauplius* similar larva shared by all *Decapods*- Shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, crabs -10 walking legs -CACO3 exoskeleton -Swimmerets on abdomen -Uropods or telson at the end of abdomen |
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Subphylum Hexapoda
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-Milipedes, centipedes, and insects
-Uniramous appendages("single branched") -paired jaws(mandibles) -Tracheal respiratory sysetem -Malphighan tubules for excretion |
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Class Chilopoda
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-Centipedes
-Head and multisegmented trunk -fangs on head (poison claws on 1st segment) -One pair of legs per body segment |
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Class Diplopoda
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-Millipedes
-Inconspicuous head and multisegmented trunk -2 pairs of legs per body segment *Tagma* Fusion of two ancestral segments -Herbivores -Secrete fumes to ward off attackers |
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Class Insecta(Hexapoda)
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-body segments: head,thorax,abdomen
-3 pairs of legs on thorax only -one pair of antenna -Specialized mouth parts -wings (2nd pair= reduced halter) *Sensory hairs* cover body -Fat body= food storage(& like liver) -Thin membrane *Tympanum* used for hearing -Communicate using pheremones |
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Insect Life Cycle
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*Instar* stage between moltings.
-Molting controlled by ecdysone(motling hormone) *Ametabolous= two stages (egg & adult) Babies like small adults ex)silverfish *Hemimetabolous* 3 stages (egg,nymph,adult) Nymphs become more like adult with every molt *differ in wing size* ex) dragonflies, grasshoppers *Holometabolous* 4 stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult) Tremendous change from wormlike *larva->no eyes, no legs, FEEDERS. *Pupa-> transformational stage *Adult-> Breeder -90% of insects ex) beetles,butterflies,beetles,ants, flies *Juvenile hormone* controls Metamorphisis |
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Order Coleoptera
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-Beetles
-Diverse -Hard forewings -Homometabolous |
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Order Diptera
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-Flies
-Hind wings -reduced halters used for steering and stability -Homometabolous |
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Order Hymenoptera
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-Butterflies and moths
-Wings have scales -Homometabolous -Proboscis |
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Order Hemiptera
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-True bugs
-Sucking insects -Hemimetabolous |
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Order Orthopter
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-Grasshoppers, crickets, roaches
-great leaping ability -hemimetabolous |
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Order Odonata
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-dragonflies and damselflies
-2 pairs of wings (ancient wing form-> cannot be folded) -hemimetabolous |
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Order Isoptera
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-termites
-SOCIAL -Hemimetabolous |
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Protosomes
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-Blastophore becomes mouth
-Spiral Cleavage -Cell fate commitment at appearance -Coelom forms by seperation within mesoderm -All bilateria covered so far, Chaetognatha |
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Deuterosomes
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-Blastophore becomes anus
-Radial Clevage -later cell commitment(possibility of twins, cloning etc.) -Coelom(and mesoderm) formed by evagination of ARCHENTERON(primitive gut) -Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata - |
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Phylum Echinodermata
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-Urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers
-"Spiny skin"-> Endoskeleton ~Calcium rich plates under skin ~pores for water vascular system->*madreporite(takes in water) *tube feet(take advantage of water intake) -Pentaradially Symmetrical: derived trait, *Larva are bilaterially symmetrical -Coelom: large, used for circulation and respiration -Asexual-> many can regenerate -Sexual-> free swimming larvae |
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Water Vascular System
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-Used for moving & feeding
~Enters through *Madreporite* ~Moves through Stone canal-> Ring Canal ~Radial Canals extend from ring canals into 5 body parts and branch out into *tube feet* -Contraction of *Ampulla (muscular sac) at the base of the tube foot forces fluid into tube, extending it |
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Lophotrochozoans
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-Intermediate between P & D in developmental characteristics
~RNA groups them with P Phyla-> *Phoronida= U shaped gut in a chitinous tube *Ectoprocta= bryozoans, moss. Secrete and live in chitinous chamber(zoecium), communicate through pores in zoecia. *Brachiopoda= "clams" have calcified pair of shells. |
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Class Crinoidea
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-Sea lilies and feather stars
-Filter feeders -Primitive, SESSILE *Sea lilies= calcerous stalk, living "fossils", dominant in Paleozoic Era. *Feather Stars= no stalk |
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Class Asteroidea
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-Sea Stars or Starfish
-Grooves along each arm bordered by tube feet -Feed on bivalves |
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Class Ophiuroidea
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-Brittle Stars
-More flexible than starfish -"Snake like arms" -Tube feet used to capture prey |
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Class Echinoidea
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-Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
-No arms -Move via spines -Vegetarians |
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Class Holothruoidea
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-Sea Cucumbers
-Long tube with leathery skin -Mouth surrounded by modified tube feet called tentacles -extrude foul smelling stomach when scared |
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Class Concentricycloidea
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-Sea dasies
-Recently discovered -No arms -Tube feet on the edge of disc |
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Phylum Chaetognatha
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-Arrow worms
-Protosome -Arrow shaped with septa b/t head, trunk, and tail |
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Phylum Hemichordata
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-Acorn Worms
-"half chordates" -Transitional group to phylum Chordata -Ciliated Larvae *Share with Chordates=> -Dorsal nerve cord -Ventral Nerve cord -Part of dorsal nerve cord is hollow -Throat with pharyngeal gill slits |
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Phylum Chordata
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*Deuterosomes with notochord
*Jointed appendages *Segmentation |
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4 Key Features of Chordates
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1.*Dorsal, hollow nerve cord(becomes brain/spinal cord)
2.*Notochord- flexible, fibrous rod (replaced by vertebrae) 3.*Pharyngeal Gill Slits- openings in throat 4.*Postanal Tail- |
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*Nonvertebrate Chordate*
Subphylum Urochordata |
-Sea Squirts, tunicates
-Sessile -Filter Feeders -Secrete and live in cellulose sac *Tunic* as adults -Only have Ph.Gill slits as adults -Tadpole like larvae -Siphons -No brain |
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*Nonvertebrate Chordate*
Subphylum Cephalochordata |
-Lancelets
-Fishlike -Bury themselves in mud -All 4 key Char. present as adults -Muscles broken up into band called *Myomeres* -No brain *Resembles Pikaia-> oldest living fossil representing a chordate |
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Subphylum Vertebrata
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-Head w/ brain and skull (craniates)
-notochord replaced by Vertebral column -Neutral Crest Ectoderm: stem cells that form near neutral tube and migrate during development -Highly developed internal organs -Endoskeleton made of cartilage and bone *Collagen protein fibers *Bone= Calcium Phosphate -Cannot make enough Amino Acids |
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Fishes
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-Paraphyletic
-Aquatic vertebrates that lack 5 fingered limbs -The first vertebrates *Gills: water comes in through mouth and goes out through slits covered with small blood vessels(blood flow goes opposite of water for max. gas exchange) *Single Loop Circulation: Heart->gills->rest of body->heart |
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History of Fishes
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*first fishes- Ostracoderms(paraphyletic)
-no jaws: filter feeders -internal cartilage skeleton -Abundant in Ordovican and Silurian Periods -Jaws evovled from gill arches *First jawed fish: Acanthodii -spiny fishes -common in the Devonian period *Class Placodermi: armored fish -Sharks and bony fished evolved in the Devonian and became dominant *Devonian Period*- Age of Fishes! |
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Superclass Agnatha
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-Jawless fishes
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Class Myxini
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-hagfishes
-cannot regulate body salts -No vertebra *Craniate, not really vertebrate |
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Class Cephalaspidomorphi
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-Lampreys
-Derived ffrom Ostracoderms that lost plates -Vertebrae are shards of cartilage -Larva(Ammocoete) are filter feeders -Trasform into adult with oral disk -Do not feed as adults (transform, breed and die) - |
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Class Chondrichthyes
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-Shakes, skates and rays
-Calcified cartilage -Improved Jaw -Teeth developed from rough scales, continually replaced -Built better for swimming(streamlined body, better fins) -Sharks became dominant predetors after Devonian -Sharks are very advanced -Internal fertilization -Most have live birth |
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Class Osteichthyes
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-Bony fishes
*Swim bladder -fill with air to regulate body density and thus placement in the water *Lateral Line System -Pores along body used to sense vibration *Operculum -Gill cover -allows diversity in food capture -better breathing -can breath without swimming |
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Actinopterygii
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-Ray finned fishes
-most fishes -no fin bones or muscle outside of the body |
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Sarcopterygii
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-lobe finned fishes
-lungfishes (Sister group to tetrapods) -bone and muscle exit body wall into fins -closest relatives to *Tetrapods* -Gave rise to tetrapods(4 limbed vertebrates with 5 figered limbs) |
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Requirements for successful land invasion
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-Legs
-Lungs -More efficient heart -Prevent eggs from drying out -prevent body from drying out |
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Class Amphibia
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-Earliest: *Ichyostega*
-fish with legs -digits -tail fin with fibrous rays -Carboniferous Period: Age of Amphibians *Modern Amph: rely on cutaneous respiration more than lungs -require water for early life or reproduction -3 Chambered Heart |
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Order Anura
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-Frogs and toads
-very devrived -lost tail -modified vertebrae for jumping |
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Order Urodela(Caudata)
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-Salamanders
-Elongated body with tail -moist -smooth skin |
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Order Apoda(Gymnophiona)
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-Caecilians
-Lost limbs -Look like worms -Burrow |
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Class Reptilia
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-Reptiles
-Paraphyletic -Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles -Totally adapted to land *Amniotic egg(shell to keep from drying) *Dry skin covered in keratin(scales) *Thoracic or Pulmonary Breathing *Ectothermic(cold blooded) *Improved heart: 4 chambered to keep blood from mixing |
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Order Chelonia
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-turtles
-most primitive -little change -no holes in skull for passage of jaw muscles: *anapsid skull |
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Synapsids
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-Therapsids, pelycosaurs
-gave rise to mammals -Synapsid skull *One temporal opening on each side(temple) -jaw muscles anchored in temple -Pelycosaurs were first dominant reptiles-> therapsids took over |
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Therapsids
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-Gave rise to mammals
-Warm blooded -derived jaw: same as mammals *Cusorial gait: legs tucked under the body like pillars (allows for greater size) *Heterodont condition: teeth evolved for different purposes |
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Diapsids
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-Two temporal openings on each side
-Rest of reptiles and birds |
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Order Squamata
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-Lizards, snakes, amphibaenians
-Most dominant group today -Skull highly moveable |
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Order Rhynchocephalia
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-Tuataras
-Primitive non motile skull -Native to New Zealand -Appeared before dinosaurs |
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Thecodonts
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-Diapsid protodinosaurs
-Ectothermic |
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Order Crocodylia
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-Crocodiles, alligators, gavials, caimans
-derived from thecodonts -True 4 Chambered heart -little change |
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Dinosaurs
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-derived from thecodonts
-some may have been endothermic *Cursorial Gait *dominant in Jurassic and Cretaceous -Birds evolved from Dinosaur lineage |
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Class Aves
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-Monophyletic
-Feathers(derived scales) made of keratin -Flight skeleton *hollow bones *backbone fused *fused collarbone *Keeled sternum(increase area for muscle attachment) -4 chambered heart w/ 2 loop system(pulmonary veins) -Endothermic -Super efficient respiration: air sacs that assure 02 is always going over the lungs -Lay amniotic eggs *Derived from Archeopteryx* *Cenozoic Era: Age of the Birds* -Most Order Passeriformes: Songbirds |
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Class Mammalia
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-Hair: dead skin cells filled with keratin
-insulation, sensory, coloration, protection -Mammary glands -Heterodont teeth -Most have placenta -Decended from therapsids *Cenozoic Era: Age of the Mammals |
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Order Monotremata
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-Monotremes
-Duck billed platypus -Lay eggs -Most primitive skeleton |
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Order Marsupialia
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-Marsupials
-Give birth to young with continue development in pouch ex) opossum, kangaroos |
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Eutherins
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-Placentals
-94% of mammals -all have placenta |
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Order Proboscidea
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-Long muscular trunk
-Thick loose skin -tusks *Elephants |
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Order Sirenia
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-Aquatic
-Fin like forelimbs -herbivores *Manatee |
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Order Xenarthra
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-Reduced teeth
-Herbavores or Carnivores ex) sloths, anteaters, armadillos |
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Order Lagomorpha
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-Chisel-like incisors
-adapted for running and jumping ex)rabbits, hares, picas |
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Order Carnivora
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-Sharp pointed canine teeth
-Carnivores ex)dogs, wolves, bears, cats, weasels, otters, seals, walruses |
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Order Cetartiodactyla Atriodactyls
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-Hooves with even number of toes
-Herbivores ex)sheep, pigs, cattle, deer, giraffes |
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Order Cetaceans
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-Aquatic
-Stream lined bodies -Paddle like forelimbs -Blubber -Carnivorous ex)whales, dolphins, porpoises |
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Order Tubulidentata
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-Teeth of many thin tubes
-eats ants and termites ex) ardvark |
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Order Hyracoidea
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-Short legs
-Stumpy tail -herbivores -Multi chambered stomach ex) Hyraxes |
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Oder Rodentia
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-Chisel like incisors worn down by knawing
-Herbivores ex) squirrels, beavers, rates, porcupines, mice |
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Order Primates
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-Opposable thumbs
-Forward facing eyes -well developed cerebral cortex -omnivorous ex)Lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans |
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Order Perissodactyla
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-Hooves with odd number of toes
-Herbivores Ex)horses, zebras, tapirs, rhino |
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Oder Chiroptera
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-Adapted for flight
-carnivorous or herbivorous ex) bat |
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Order Eulipotphla
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-Diet of insects and other invertebrates
ex)moles, shrews |
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Primary tissues in Vertebrates
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-Epithelial
-Connective -Muscle -Nerve |
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Epithelial Tissue
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-Derived from all 3 germ layers(ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
-Both internal and external -Protects all body surfaces from... -water loss -pathogens -Makes needed exchanges with the environment |
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Glands
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- Secretion
*Exocrine glands- have ducts *Endocrine glands- ductless, secreted hormones |
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Unifying characteristics of Epithelial tissue
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-Tightly bound with tight junctions
-Thin with no blood vessels -Tissue regeneration |
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Classes and shapes of Epithelial tissue
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*Simple: one cell layer thick
*Stratified: several cell layers thick *Squamous: irregular flattened shape with tapered edges *Cuboidal: about the same heigth, width, and depth *Columnar: taller than they are wide |
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Connective tissue
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-Derived from mesoderm
-Cell spaced widely apart -Imbedded in extracellular major -Used for support, connections, and transport |
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Loose Connective tissue
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-Cells scattered in protein matrix
-Under skin and b/t organs -Support, food storage, insulation -Gel matrix *Collagen: strengthens *Elastin: gives elasticity *Reticulin: supporting meshwork *Fibroblasts- secrete matrix proteins *Mast Cells- make histamin (dialator) and heparin (anticoagulant) *Macrophages- defend against invading organisms *adipose cells: triglyceride storage for energy |
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Dense Connective Tissue
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-Tightly packed collagen
-Provides flexible, strong connections -Made of Fibroblasts |
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Dense Regular Connective tissue
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-Parallel collagen fibers
*ligaments: bone/bone *tendons: muscle/bone |
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Dense Irregular connective tissue
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-Collagen fibers with various orientations
-Covers organs, muscles, nerves,and bones |
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Cartilage
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-special glycoprotein in matrix(Chondritin sulfate)
-Long parallel collagen rays -Firm, strong, flexible -Does not stretch -Tougher than other connective tissue proper types -Shock absorber -Reduces friction *Chondrocyte cells with *Lacunae- spaces |
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Bone
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-Replace cartilage models
*Osteocytes- live within lacunae *Canaliculi- tiny bone canals -Protection of organs -Support for muscle attachment and movement |
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Blood
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-Extracellular matrix is the plasma
*Plasma Proteins: *Fibrinogen from liver used for blood clotting *Albumin: from liver used in fluid balance *Antibodies:from lymphocytes used in immune response |
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Blood Cell Types
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*Erythrocytes (RBC)- most common, contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen
*Leukocytes (WBC)- several types, primary role in immune system *Thrombocytes- Platelets, used in blood clotting |
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Muscles
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-Develop from mesoderm
-Use actin and mysosin filaments for contraction |
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Smooth Muscle
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-First to evolve
-found in blood vessel walls, wall of gut, and iris of eye -Involuntary -Sheets of long spindle like cells with one nucleus |
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Skeletal Muscle
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-Attached by tendons to bones
-Voluntary -Large scale body movements -Multinucleated *Muscle Fibers: run parallel, each controlled by a nerve fiber *Myofibrils: arrays of actin and myosin for contration -Striated |
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Cardiac Muscle
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-Striated
-One nucleus -Involuntary *Intercalated Discs are gap junctions linking ajacent cells *Myocardium: cardiac muscles as a single unit |
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Nerve Tissues
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-Derived from ectoderm
-Neurons and Neuroglia -Highly specialized -Recieve, produce, and convey electrical signals |
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Neuron Cell Parts
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*Cell body- contains nucleus (control center)
*Dendrites- Recieve incoming signals and conduct them to cell body *Axon- conducts impulses away from the cell body,covered in myelin sheath to speed up impulse |
