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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A population is...
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all the organisms of ONE species in a habitat
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Populations of different species form...
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a community
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Within a habitat, a species occupies a _____ governed by adaptation to both biotic and abiotic conditions
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niche
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How can you measure abundance?
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Percentage cover and frequency
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What may result in population size varying?
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The effect of abiotic factors and interactions between organisms - inter and intra specific competition and predation
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Population growth rate =
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(pop at end of period - pop at beginning of period)/pop at beginning of period
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ATP is an _________ source of energy for biological processes
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immediate
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Outline the LDR
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Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll
Energy from these excited electrons generates ATP and RNADP The production of ATP involves electron transfer associated with the electron transfer chain in CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANES Photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and oxygen |
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Outline the LIR
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Carbon dioxide is accepted by RuBP to form two molecules of GP
ATP and RNADP are required for the reduction of GP to TP RuBP is regenerated in the Calvin cycle TP is converted to useful organic substances |
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Carbon dioxide is accepted by RuPB to form...
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...two molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate
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ATP and NADP are required in the reduction of GP to...
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...triose phosphate
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RuBP is regenerated in the...
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...Kalvin cycle
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What is the left over TP used for?
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Making useful organic substances
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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In the CYTOPLASM
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In glycolysis, glucose is oxidised to...
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pyruvate
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What is the net gain of glycolysis?
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Two ATP molecules and RNAD
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How is acetyl coenzyme A formed?
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Combination of pyruvate (changed to acetyl group in several stages) and coenzyme A
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The Krebs cycle is what kind of phosphorylation?
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
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In anaerobic respiration, NAD is...
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regenerated
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What is the main route energy enters an ecosystem?
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Photosynthesis
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Net productivity =
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Gross productivity - respiratory losses
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Succession goes from a...
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pioneer species to climax community
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What factors affect the productivity of farming practices?
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The use of natural/artificial fertilisers
The use of chemical pesticides, biological agents and integrated systems in controlling pests on agricultural crops Intensive rearing of domestic livestock |
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What are the two stages of nitrification?
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NH₄⁺ (ammonium ions) --> NO₂⁻ (nitrite)
NO₂⁻ --> NO₃⁻ (nitrate) |
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Nitrite =
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NO₂⁻
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Nitrate =
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NO₃⁻
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Ammonium =
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NH₄⁺
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Ammonia =
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NH₃
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What is the process of nitrogen fixation?
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N₂(g) --> NH₃
Where nitrogen gas is converted to nitrogen-containing compounds. The ammonia produced is then used to manufacture substances such as amino acids. Nitrogen compounds released during the decay process. |
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Which types of bacteria cause nitrogen fixation?
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Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria (gaseous nitrogen --> ammonia)
Mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (nodules of roots) |
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What happens in denitrification? Why does it occur?
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Soil nitrates (NO₃⁻) are converted into gaseous nitrogen. Occurs when the soil is anaerobic.
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How do certain species during succession change the environment?
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It may change so that it becomes more suitable for other species
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What is the genotype?
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The genetic constitution of the organism
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What is the phenotype?
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The expression of the genetic constitution (genotype) and its interaction with the environment.
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What is an allele?
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One or more alternative versions of the same gene. The alleles at a specific locus may either be homozygous or heterozygous.
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What is a gene pool?
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The total number of alleles in a particular population at a specific time
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What is allele frequency?
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The number of times an allele occurs within the gene pool
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What are the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
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No mutations
Population is isolated (no flow of alleles into or out of the population) No selection (all alleles equally likely to be passed on) Large population Mating within the population is random |
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
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p² + 2pq + q² = 1
p + q = 1 |
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p is the frequency for the dominant/recessive allele?
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P = Dominant!
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q is the frequency for the dominant/recessive allele?
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Q = Recessive!
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How can differences in the gene pools occur?
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Through geographic separation
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