Biol3030 Exam 3 Review

Front 1

Threshold Trait

Back 1

Diabetes involves both genetic and environmental factors, yet one either develops the disease or doesn't develop the disease, diabetes is an example of a multifactorial:

Front 2

Continuous

Back 2

A trait like weight in people shows a ____ distribution of phenotypes.

Front 3

Discontinuous (or a single gene) trait

Back 3

The round pea shape in Mendel's work is a good example of a:

Front 4

One Defective Allele

Back 4

People with an inherited predisposition to retinoblastoma inherit ____ of the RB gene.

Front 5

Metastasis

Back 5

The ability of cancer cells to move from the original tumor to a new site

Front 6

TT (thymine) dimers

Back 6

The major type of damage in DNA that is produced by UV light is

Front 7

Sunlight

Back 7

Principle cause of skin cancer is exposure to:

Front 8

Trinucleotide repeat

Back 8

Fragile-X syndrome is an example of a disorder caused by what type of mutation?

Front 9

About 1/2

Back 9

If the phenotype of a trait is half due to genetics and half due to the environment, then the heritability of the trait is nearly:

Front 10

Neurotransmitters

Back 10

Small molecules released into synapses during nerve impulses

Front 11

Huntingtin protein

Back 11

In Huntington disease loss of neurons is due to the toxic effects of the:

Front 12

Multifactorial

Back 12

Most human behaviors are ____ traits that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

Front 13

Huntington's Disease

Back 13

A neurological disease and autosomal dominant trait arising from high numbers of CAG trinucleotide repeat which is associated with progressive neurological decline starting middle age.

Front 14

MAOA

Back 14

A gene whose enzyme product is involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters

Front 15

Concordant

Back 15

When a pair of identical( monozygotic) twins share a trait

Front 16

Zero

Back 16

If the heritability of a trait is near ____, then the trait has almost no genetic component.

Front 17

Oncogenes

Back 17

Viruses that cause cancer typically carry ____ as part of their genome.

Front 18

Missense

Back 18

A ____ mutation in in the ras proto-oncogene will change the gene to an concogene and produce a RAS protein that differs from the normal gene by one amino acid.

Front 19

Tumor suppressor genes

Back 19

The RB and p53 Gene's are good examples of ____ since they act to limit progression from G1 to S.

Front 20

Aflatoxin

Back 20

A carcinogen and mutagen that is produced by fungal cells

Front 21

True

Back 21

(T/F) Transgenetic mice have been used as a model to study the effects of the huntington's disease on nerve cells.

Front 22

True

Back 22

(T/F) In twin studies, if the concordance of identical twins for a trait is significantly greater than that of fraternal twins, then one can deduce that there is a genetic component contributing to the phenotype.

Front 23

False

Back 23

(T/F) Compared to a typical population of the same species that is composed of many different genotypes, the members of a clone will have a much broader range of phenotypes.

Front 24

True

Back 24

(T/F) With a polygenic trait one expects a great deal of variability in the phenotypes of offspring from a single couple both of whom have an average value for the phenotype for the trait.

Front 25

True

Back 25

(T/F) Tumor suppressor Gene's encode proteins that limit cell division

Front 26

True

Back 26

(T/F) Proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes that encode proteins that act to initiate or maintain cell division

Front 27

True

Back 27

(T/F) Most but not all carcinogens cause cancer by generating mutations in somatic cells.

Front 28

True

Back 28

(T/F) Many drug side effects can be accounted for by genetic differences among the individuals receiving the drug.

Front 29

True

Back 29

(T/F) The sensitivity of individuals to chemicals in the environment is an example of a complex trait that involves both genetic and environmental components.

Front 30

False

Back 30

(T/F) breast cancer only occurs in females

Front 31

False

Back 31

(T/F) Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for most cases of breast cancer

Front 32

True

Back 32

(T/F) most lung cancer in the US is associated with smoking

Front 33

True

Back 33

(T/F) Colon cancer is often preceded by benign tumors known as polyps

Front 34

True

Back 34

(T/F) some viruses carry oncogenes as part of their genetic material

Front 35

Environment has changed in ways that increase the avg IQ's of the children

Back 35

Reasonable explanation of why over the last 60 years the avg IQ of children in the US has steadily increased

Front 36

Differences in: nucleotide sequence of genes, amino acid sequences of proteins, active sites of proteins, genotypes

Back 36

Several examples of differential sensitivity among humans to drugs and chemicals in the environment

Front 37

Leukemia

Back 37

A cancer that is often found in children

Front 38

A continuous distribution of the trait's phenotype

Back 38

Most polygenic traits in people display:

Front 39

One eye

Back 39

Sporadic retinoblastoma typically occurs in ____ in adults

Front 40

False

Back 40

(T/F) the heritability of the trait will be constant in different environments

Front 41

The environment plays a major role in determining the trait

Back 41

What does this imply: the concordance value for cleft lip for monozygotic twins is 42% and 5% for dizygotic twins

Front 42

Polygenic

Back 42

Traits that are determined by two or more genes are known as

Front 43

Decreasing expression of a tumor suppressor gene and DNA gene

Back 43

Causes a predisposition to develop cancer

Front 44

True

Back 44

(T/F) Several human behavioral differences can be traced to mutations in genes that affect nerve function

Front 45

Producing the myelin membranes found on nerve cells

Back 45

Schizophrenia may he related to problems with:

Front 46

Monoamine oxidase

Back 46

Enzyme involved in the natural turnover of neurotransmitters

Front 47

False

Back 47

(T/F) most cancers occur in individuals who have inherited a genetic predisposition to develop cancer

Front 48

UV Light

Back 48

A mutagen on the DNA in skin cells, that doesn't have the energy to mutate DNA in cells within the body

Front 49

Metastasis

Back 49

The process in which tumor cells move to new sites in the body

Front 50

Malignant Melanoma

Back 50

Most aggressive form of skin cancer

Front 51

Philadelphia Chromosome

Back 51

Generated by a translocation

Front 52

Lymphoma

Back 52

Type of cancer involving over production of white blood cells

Front 53

An inherited predisposition to colon cancer involving the HNPCCI gene

Back 53

Association with defective DNA repair

Front 54

No effect on overall cell metabolism because of highly effective DNA repair systems

Back 54

The DNA in skin cells undergoes vast amounts of damage from sunlight. The usual result of this damage is:

Front 55

UV-Light

Back 55

The principle cause of skin cancer from sunlight and tanning beds

Front 56

Tamoxifen

Back 56

Chemotherapy agent that is converted to the active agent endoxifen which binds to the estrogen receptors found on breast cancer cells

Front 57

Malaria

Back 57

The prehistoric distribution of the sickle cell anemia allele is related to the presence of:

Front 58

Leptin

Back 58

Transgenic mice with mutations in the gene required to produce ____ are a model for human obesity.

Front 59

Endorphin

Back 59

Cocaine, heroin, and nicotine all mimic of pleasure associated neurotransmitter:

Front 60

Angelmann Syndrome

Back 60

Associated with frequent laughter and a smiling happy demeanor

Front 61

Spina Bifida

Back 61

An example of a human trait affecting newborns that shows a threshold effect

Front 62

Killer T-cells

Back 62

Immune system cells that can destroy virus-infected cells

Front 63

HIV

Back 63

One retrovirus that infects T4 helper cells