Biol2420 - Respiratory System #1

Front 1

What are the percent amounts of the mixture of gases in the air that we inhale at sea level?

Back 1

78% Nitrogen (N2)
21% Oxygen (O2)
0.04% Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
And a small amount of other gases

Hint 1

Pg. 246

Front 2

The nose opens at the ______ that lead to the __________.

Back 2

Nares (Notrils)
Nasal Cavities

Hint 2

Pg. 246

Front 3

What glands drain into the nasal cavities?

Back 3

The Lacrimal glands (Tear Glands) drain into the nasal cavities by way of the tear ducts.

Hint 3

Pg. 246

Front 4

What is the name of the air-filled mucosa-lined spaces in the skull?

Back 4

The Paranasal Sinuses

Hint 4

Pg. 247

Front 5

What is the name of the funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the Larynx?

Back 5

The Pharynx
or
The Throat

Hint 5

Pg. 247

Front 6

What are the 3 parts of the Pharynx (or Throat)?

Back 6

1. Nasopharynx (where the nasal cavities open above the soft palate)
2. Oropharynx (where the oral cavity opens)
3. Laryngopharynx (which opens into the larynx)

Hint 6

Pg. 247

Front 7

What is the name of the cartilaginous structure that serves as a passage for air between the pharynx and the trachea?

Back 7

The Larynx
or
The Voice Box (Because it houses the vocal cords)

Hint 7

Pg. 247

Front 8

What is the opening between the vocal cords, along with the nearby vocal cords themselves, called?

Back 8

The Glottis

Hint 8

Pg. 247

Front 9

What happens to the larynx when food is swallowed?

Back 9

The Larynx moves upward against the Epiglottis

Hint 9

Pg. 247

Front 10

What is the name of the flap of tissue that prevents food from passing into the Larynx?

Back 10

The Epiglottis

Hint 10

Pg. 247

Front 11

What is the name of the structure located in the lower portion of the larynx through which an emergency airway can be made?

Back 11

It is a ligament called the Cricothyroid Ligament
(It extends between the Thyroid Cartilage and the Cricoid Cartilage)

Hint 11

Pg. 247

Front 12

What is the emergency procedure called where an airway is made by going through the ligament that extends between the Thyroid Cartilage and the Cricoid Cartilage?

Back 12

A Cricothyrotomy

Hint 12

Pg. 247

Front 13

___________ refers to the net diffusion of oxygen into the blood, and the net diffusion of carbon dioxide from blood to air.

Back 13

Gas Exchange

Hint 13

Pg. 248

Front 14

What is the name of the region of the lungs where gas exchange occurs?

Back 14

The Respiratory Zone

Hint 14

Pg. 248

Front 15

What structures does the Conducting Zone consist of and where does this zone end?

Back 15

It consists of:
The Trachea (Windpipe)
The Bronchi
The Bronchioles
The Conducting system ends in the Terminal Bronchioles

Hint 15

Pg. 248

Front 16

What is the surgery called that makes an opening in the trachea so a breathing tube can be inserted and what is the name of the resulting opening called?

Back 16

Surgery = Tracheotomy
Opening = Tracheostomy

Hint 16

Pg. 248

Front 17

What structures does the Respiratory Zone consist of?

Back 17

It consists of:
The Respiratory Bronchioles
The Alveoli and Alveolar Sacs

Hint 17

Pg. 248

Front 18

What is the name of the structure where gas exchange occurs?

Back 18

The Alveoli

Hint 18

Pg. 248

Front 19

Which respiratory structures have supporting rings of cartilage and which do not?

Back 19

The Trachea and The Bronchi have supporting rings of Cartilage
The smaller Bronchioles have walls of only smooth muscle

Hint 19

Pg. 248

Front 20

What are the names of the 2 thin cells separating the air in the alveolus from the blood in the surrounding capillaries?

Back 20

1. The squamous epithelial cell of the alveolar wall
2. The squamous capillary epithelial cell

Hint 20

Pg. 248

Front 21

_________ results from changes in the thoracic volume.

Back 21

Ventilation

Hint 21

Pg. 249

Front 22

What is the name of the structure that separates the anterior body cavity into a lower “abdominopelvic cavity” and an upper “thoracic cavity” (or thorax)?

Back 22

The Diaphragm (which is a dome-shaped sheet of striated skeletal muscle)

Hint 22

Pg. 249

Front 23

What is the name of the central part of the thoracic cavity and what does it contain?

Back 23

The Mediastinum
It contains the Heart, Large Blood vessels, Trachea, Esophagus, and Thymus

Hint 23

Pg. 249

Front 24

What is the name of the membrane that lines the inside of the thoracic wall?

Back 24

The Parietal Pleura

Hint 24

Pg. 249

Front 25

What is the name of the membrane that lines the surface of the lungs?

Back 25

The Visceral Pleura

Hint 25

Pg. 249

Front 26

What is the name of the potential space between the Parietal Pleura and Visceral Pleura?

Back 26

The Intrapleural Space

Hint 26

Pg. 249

Front 27

The Intrapleural Space

Back 27

The pressure inside the lungs (the Intrapulmonary Pressure or Intra-alveolar pressure) must be made lower than the atmospheric pressure.

Hint 27

Pg. 249

Front 28

What is the term for a -3 mmHg drop below the pressure of the atmosphere?

Back 28

Subatmospheric Pressure

Hint 28

Pg. 249

Front 29

What law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas (such as air in the lungs) is inversely proportional to its volume?

Back 29

Boyle’s Law

Hint 29

Pg. 249

Front 30

The Lung volume _______ during inspiration.

Back 30

Increases

Hint 30

Pg. 249

Front 31

The Lung volume _______ during expiration.

Back 31

Decreases

Hint 31

Pg. 249

Front 32

What characteristic of the lungs and thoracic wall allows the lungs pull in one direction as the thoracic wall pulls in the opposite direction?

Back 32

The elastic tension of the lungs and the thoracic wall

Hint 32

Pg. 250

Front 33

What do the opposing elastic forces “trying” to pull apart the visceral and parietal pleurae produce?

Back 33

They produce a subatmospheric “Intrapulmonary pressure” (between the two pleural membranes).

Hint 33

Pg. 250

Front 34

True or False. The Intrapleural pressure is normally always lower than the Intrapulmonary pressure.

Back 34

True. The Intrapleural pressure is normally always lower than the Intrapulmonary pressure, so that each lung is stuck to the chest wall by the pressure difference.

Hint 34

Pg. 250

Front 35

What is the term that is defined as the change in volume of a hollow organ per a given change in pressure?

Back 35

Compliance

Hint 35

Pg. 250

Front 36

What does the compliance of the lungs refer to?

Back 36

It refers to their ability to distend (stretch)

Hint 36

Pg. 250

Front 37

What are the physical properties of the lungs that act to resist distension (stretching) and reduce lung compliance?

Back 37

The Lungs:
Elasticity
and
Surface Tension

Hint 37

Pg. 250

Front 38

What substance lowers surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

Back 38

Surfactant

Hint 38

Pg. 250

Front 39

What are the names of the cells that produce the substance that lowers surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing and when does it begin to be produced?

Back 39

Type II Alveolar Cells
It begins to be produced in late fetal life.

Hint 39

Pg. 250

Front 40

What produces changes in thoracic volume?

Back 40

Changes in thoracic volume are produced by the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles.

Hint 40

Pg. 250

Front 41

What is the main muscle of ventilation?

Back 41

The Diaphragm

Hint 41

Pg. 251

Front 42

What is the shape of the diaphragm when it is at rest?

Back 42

It curves upward into the thoracic cavity

Hint 42

Pg. 251

Front 43

What muscle(s) allow for inspiration?

Back 43

The Diaphragm
and
The External Intercostal muscles

Hint 43

Pg. 251

Front 44

True or False. An unforced expiration is not a passive process.

Back 44

False. An unforced expiration is a passive process.

Hint 44

Pg. 251

Front 45

Why is unforced expiration a passive process?

Back 45

Because after becoming stretched by contractions of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles, the thorax and lungs recoil as a result of their elastic tension when the respiratory muscles relax.

Hint 45

Pg. 251

Front 46

What muscles are involved during a forced expiration?

Back 46

The Internal Intercostal muscles
Contractions of the abdominal muscles also help somewhat

Hint 46

Pg. 251

Front 47

What is the name of the device that is commonly used to test the health of the lungs by measuring the amount of air inhaled or exhaled?

Back 47

A Spirometer

Hint 47

Pg. 251

Front 48

What is the technique called that uses a device to measure the amount of air inhaled or exhaled?

Back 48

Spirometry

Hint 48

Pg. 251

Front 49

What is the name of the sum of 2 or more volumes measured by a spirometer?

Back 49

Capacity

Hint 49

Pg. 251

Front 50

What is the measurement of the amount of air in an unforced breath called?

Back 50

Tidal Volume

Hint 50

Pg. 251

Front 51

What does multiplying the measurement of the amount of air in an unforced breath times the number of breaths per minute yield?

Back 51

It gives the Total Tidal Volume (a useful measurement that includes both the rate and depth of breathing)

Hint 51

Pg. 252

Front 52

What is the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration called?

Back 52

Vital Capacity

Hint 52

Pg. 252

Front 53

What is the Vital Capacity a sum of?

Back 53

It is the sum of Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Tidal Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume

Hint 53

Pg. 252

Front 54

What is the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired after and unforced expiration called?

Back 54

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Hint 54

Pg. 252

Front 55

What is the amount of air still left in the lungs that cannot be expired called?

Back 55

Residual Volume

Hint 55

Pg. 252

Front 56

What is the sum of Expiratory Reserve Volume and the Residual Volume called?

Back 56

Functional Residual Capacity

Hint 56

Pg. 252

Front 57

Which 2 capacities are considered to be medically important measurements?

Back 57

Vital Capacity
and
Functional Residual Capacity

Hint 57

Pg. 252

Front 58

What 2 “restrictive disorders” can produce an abnormally low Vital Capacity?

Back 58

Pulmonary Fibrosis
and
Emphysema

Hint 58

Pg. 252

Front 59

What disorder is characterized by production of collagen fibers that reduce lung compliance?

Back 59

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Hint 59

Pg. 252

Front 60

What disorder is characterized by a reduction in the surface area for gas exchange because of destruction of the alveoli?

Back 60

Emphysema

Hint 60

Pg. 252

Front 61

What are disorders that cause abnormally low Vital Capacities classified as?

Back 61

They are classified as Restrictive Disorders

Hint 61

Pg. 252

Front 62

Do people with asthma have a normal measurement of the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration?

Back 62

Yes. People with asthma have a normal vital capacity, but have increased airway resistance because of inflammation and smooth muscle constriction of the bronchioles.

Hint 62

Pg. 252

Front 63

What is the name of measurement for the volume of air that is forcibly exhaled in the first second of vital capacity?

Back 63

“FEV1” (Forced Expiratory Volume)

Hint 63

Pg. 252

Front 64

What is the name of the classification for disorders that can cause an abnormally low FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume)?

Back 64

Obstructive Disorders

Hint 64

Pg. 252

Front 65

What would an asthmatic person’s FEV1 be approximately in contrast to another person of the same age that does not have asthma?

Back 65

A person with asthma might have an FEV1 of approximately 60%, where as the non-asthmatic person of the same age has an FEV1 of about 80%.

Hint 65

Pg. 252

Front 66

What disorders are considered to be purely Obstructive Disorders?

Back 66

Asthma
and
Acute Bronchitis

Hint 66

Pg. 252

Front 67

Which obstructive disorder is characterized by the bronchiole “hyper responsiveness” (meaning certain agents such as allergens) thus stimulating bronchoconstriction?

Back 67

Asthma

Hint 67

Pg. 252

Front 68

How are asthma attacks usually treated?

Back 68

They are usually treated with inhaled bronchodilators that stimulate adrenergic receptors such as Epinephrine.

Hint 68

Pg. 252

Front 69

What is the classification of disorders called that are both restrictive and Obstructive?

Back 69

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)

Hint 69

Pg. 252

Front 70

What 2 spirometry measurements would be low with someone with a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

Back 70

Low Vital Capacity
and
Low FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume)

Hint 70

Pg. 252

Front 71

True or False. Emphysema is not considered to be a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Back 71

False. Emphysema is considered to be a type of COPD.

Hint 71

Pg. 252

Front 72

Are Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases progressive and what causes most of the cases of COPD?

Back 72

Yes
In most cases they are caused by cigarette smoking

Hint 72

Pg. 252