Biol2420 - Interactions Between Cells And Their Environment #1

Front 1

What are 3 cell processes that move many molecules from the extracellular fluid into a cell?

Back 1

1) Phagocytosis
2) Pinocytosis
3) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Hint 1

Pg. 052

Front 2

How are substances packaged for transportation from the extracellular fluid to be brought into the a cell?

Back 2

They are enclosed in a Vacuole or Vesicle.

Hint 2

Pg. 052

Front 3

What is the process called that enables a cell to secrete products encapsulated in intracellular vesicles?

Back 3

Exocytosis

Hint 3

Pg. 052

Front 4

How is the fluid outside of a cell divided between?

Back 4

It is divided between: Blood Plasma and Interstitial Fluid aka: Tissue Fluid

Hint 4

Pg. 052

Front 5

What is the fluid called that immediately surrounds the tissue of cells?

Back 5

Interstitial Fluid or Tissue Fluid

Hint 5

Pg. 052

Front 6

How is the fluid derived that immediately surrounds the tissue of cells?

Back 6

It is derived from blood plasma.

Hint 6

Pg. 052

Front 7

What is the portion of the plasma membrane called that encases molecules to allow for many molecules to be moved from the extracellular fluid into a cell?

Back 7

Vacuole

Hint 7

Pg. 052

Front 8

What is the difference between a Vacuole and a Vesicle?

Back 8

Vacuole = a large membrane bubble
Vesicle = a small membrane bubble

Hint 8

Pg. 052

Front 9

What is the term given that defines the process of cell eating?

Back 9

Phagocytosis

Hint 9

Pg. 053

Front 10

What is the portion of a cell’s cytoplasm that can reach out and pull the cell along called and what is motion called?

Back 10

Pseudopods or (False feet) and Amoeboid Motion

Hint 10

Pg. 053

Front 11

What are some phagocytic cells in the body that can perform motion by extending their false feet?

Back 11

Neutrophils and Monocytes

Hint 11

Pg. 053

Front 12

What are Monocytes called once they leave the body’s circulatory system and enter the connective tissue?

Back 12

Macrophages

Hint 12

Pg. 053

Front 13

What are the phagocytic cells of the brain called that are related to monocytes?

Back 13

Microglia

Hint 13

Pg. 053

Front 14

True or False. Phagocytic cells are always mobile cells?

Back 14

False

Hint 14

Pg. 053

Front 15

What is the term for phagocytic cells that are immobile?

Back 15

Fixed Phagocytes

Hint 15

Pg. 053

Front 16

Where are fixed phagocytic cells located?

Back 16

In small blood or lymph channels called Sinusoids

Hint 16

Pg. 053

Front 17

What are the phagocytic cells located in sinusoids of the liver called?

Back 17

Kupffer Cells

Hint 17

Pg. 053

Front 18

Where are 3 specific places immobile phagocytic cells can be found?

Back 18

Liver and in the sinusoids of the Spleen and Lymph nodes

Hint 18

Pg. 053

Front 19

What type of phagocytic process describes the invagination of the cell’s plasma membrane?

Back 19

Endocytosis

Hint 19

Pg. 053

Front 20

What is the process called that forms an invagination of the cell’s plasma membrane that nonselectively takes substances into the cell?

Back 20

Pinocytosis

Hint 20

Pg. 053

Front 21

True or False. Most of the body’s cells are capable of nonselective Endocytosis?

Back 21

True

Hint 21

Pg. 053

Front 22

What is the term for highly selective Endocytosis?

Back 22

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Hint 22

Pg. 054

Front 23

What stimulates the plasma membrane to invaginate in the highly selective form of endocytosis?

Back 23

The binding of extracellular molecules to membrane receptors.

Hint 23

Pg. 054

Front 24

How does cholesterol need to transported in the blood?

Back 24

Attached to Carrier Proteins in the blood’s plasma.

Hint 24

Pg. 054

Front 25

What is the process called that releases cellular products into the extracellular fluid?

Back 25

Exocytosis

Hint 25

Pg. 054

Front 26

What produces the vesicles that are involved in the process of releasing cellular products into the interstitial fluid?

Back 26

The Golgi Complex or Golgi Apparatus

Hint 26

Pg. 054

Front 27

What are 3 examples of the process of releasing cellular products into the extracellular fluid?

Back 27

1) Digestive enzymes released from the pancreatic Exocrine glands.
2) Hormones released form Endocrine glands.
3) Neurotransmitters released from axon terminals of neurons.

Hint 27

Pg. 054

Front 28

What type of transportation process is responsible for the release of insulin?

Back 28

Exocytosis

Hint 28

Pg. 054

Front 29

What cellular transportation process adds portions to the plasma membrane of the cell?

Back 29

Exocytosis

Hint 29

Pg. 054

Front 30

What cellular transportation process removes portions of a cells plasma membrane?

Back 30

Endocytosis

Hint 30

Pg. 054

Front 31

What is the term given to describe what endocytosis and exocytosis does to the plasma membrane of the cell?

Back 31

Two-Way Trafficking

Hint 31

Pg. 054

Front 32

What else can be removed or added by the two-way trafficking of plasma membrane besides just the cell’s plasma membrane?

Back 32

Specific membrane proteins

Hint 32

Pg. 054-055

Front 33

What is occurring in Diffusion?

Back 33

Substances move from higher concentrations to lower concentrations

Hint 33

Pg. 055

Front 34

What type of transport is Diffusion?

Back 34

Passive transport

Hint 34

Pg. 055

Front 35

What is required to move substances across the plasma membrane from a lower to a higher concentration?

Back 35

ATP

Hint 35

Pg. 055

Front 36

What type of transport is the process of moving substances from a lower concentration to a higher concentration?

Back 36

Active transport

Hint 36

Pg. 055

Front 37

What are molecules and ions dissolved in water called?

Back 37

Solutes

Hint 37

Pg. 055

Front 38

What are the 2 general substances in a solution?

Back 38

Solvent and dissolved solutes

Hint 38

Pg. 055

Front 39

What is the term given for the constant state of random motion of the substances in a solution?

Back 39

Brownian Motion

Hint 39

Pg. 055

Front 40

Why causes substances in a solution to undergo Brownian motion?

Back 40

The heat
or
Thermal energy of the individual substances.

Hint 40

Pg. 055

Front 41

What is the terminology used to describe the process that occurs because a solution has a higher concentration of a particular substance as compared to another, and more of that substance will move by chance in the direction of the lower concentration than in the direction of the higher concentration?

Back 41

Concentration Gradient

Hint 41

Pg.055

Front 42

What process does the random motion of molecules allow for?

Back 42

Diffusion

Hint 42

Pg. 056

Front 43

When does Net Diffusion stop?

Back 43

When the concentrations are equal in all parts of the solution.

Hint 43

Pg. 056

Front 44

What are passive transport processes a result of?

Back 44

They are a result of Net Diffusion.

Hint 44

Pg. 056

Front 45

What does the rate of passive transport depend on?

Back 45

1) The steepness of the concentration gradient.
2) The permeability of the plasma membrane.
3) The temperature of the solution.
4) The surface area of the membrane

Hint 45

Pg. 056-057

Front 46

When will no passive transport occur?

Back 46

When there is no concentration difference between the 2 sides of the plasma membrane.

Hint 46

Pg. 056

Front 47

How can nonpolar molecules cross the cell’s phospholipid bi-layer?

Back 47

Diffusion

Hint 47

Pg. 057

Front 48

How do inorganic ions and water molecules cross the cell’s plasma membrane?

Back 48

Through specific protein channels in the membrane

Hint 48

Pg. 057

Front 49

How do small organic molecules cross the cell’s plasma membrane?

Back 49

Through specific carrier proteins.

Hint 49

Pg. 057

Front 50

What is the net diffusion of nonpolar molecules, ions and water across the double phospholipid layers, through protein channels in the plasma membrane called?

Back 50

Simple diffusion

Hint 50

Pg. 058

Front 51

What is the term given for the type of passive transportation involving membrane carrier proteins that enables movement of substances so that the direction of net movement is from a higher to lower concentration?

Back 51

Facilitated Diffusion

Hint 51

Pg. 058

Front 52

What 2 processes are forms of passive transportation?

Back 52

Simple Diffusion
and
Facilitated Transport

Hint 52

Pg. 058

Front 53

What type of transportation involves molecules and ions being transported against their concentration gradients?

Back 53

Active Transport

Hint 53

Pg. 058

Front 54

What does facilitated transport and active transport have in common?

Back 54

They both require carrier proteins.

Hint 54

Pg. 058

Front 55

What are carrier proteins in active transport also called?

Back 55

"Pumps"

Hint 55

Pg. 058

Front 56

What is the net diffusion of water across a membrane called?

Back 56

Osmosis

Hint 56

Pg. 058

Front 57

What is the concentration of oxygen inside the cells compared to that in the extracellular fluid?

Back 57

Oxygen Concentration = Lower inside the cell
Oxygen Concentration = Higher in the extracellular fluid

Hint 57

Pg. 059

Front 58

What is the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the cells compared to that in the extracellular fluid?

Back 58

Carbon Dioxide concentration = Lower in the extracellular fluid
Carbon Dioxide concentration = Higher inside the cell

Hint 58

Pg. 059

Front 59

What is the name of protein channels that are not always open called?

Back 59

Gated Channels

Hint 59

Pg. 059

Front 60

How can ion-gated channels be opened or closed?

Back 60

They can be opened or closed by portions of the polypeptide chains that compose the channels.

Hint 60

Pg. 059

Front 61

What is required for the production of nerve and muscle impulses?

Back 61

The opening and closing of Na+ and K+ channels

Hint 61

Pg. 059

Front 62

What 2 things conditions must be present for osmosis to occur?

Back 62

1) A concentration gradient across the membrane.
2) The membrane is more permeable to water than it is to the solute.

Hint 62

Pg. 060

Front 63

True or False. Osmosis is a type of passive transport.

Back 63

True

Hint 63

Pg. 060

Front 64

Which has a higher water concentration? A flask with 10 grams of glucose per liter or a flask with 13 grams of glucose per liter.

Back 64

The 10 g/L flask.

Hint 64

Pg. 060

Front 65

What is the name of the force required to stop osmosis?

Back 65

Osmotic Pressure

Hint 65

Pg. 060

Front 66

Given 2 glucose solutions. Solution A has a solute concentration of 3 g/L and Solution B has a solute concentration of 9 g/L. Which solution has a higher osmotic pressure and by how much?

Back 66

Solution B.
The osmotic pressure is 3 times as great.

Hint 66

Pg. 061

Front 67

What term describes solution concentrations?

Back 67

Osmolarity

Hint 67

Pg. 061

Front 68

Which flask has more solute molecules per liter? Flask A which has 9 grams of glucose per liter, or Flask B which has 11 grams of sucrose per liter?

Back 68

Flask A has more solute molecules per liter.

Hint 68

Pg. 061

Front 69

True or False. Water will undergo net diffusion from the side of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration, based on the weight of the solutes and is not based on the number of solute molecules or ions per liter.

Back 69

False

Hint 69

Pg. 061

Front 70

What is the total solute concentration in normal blood plasma?

Back 70

0.3 osmolar (300 mOsM or 300 milliosmolar)

Hint 70

Pg. 061

Front 71

What is the term given to describe how solutions compare to blood plasma?

Back 71

Tonicity

Hint 71

Pg. 062

Front 72

What is the term that defines 2 solutions having the same osmolarity and osmotic pressure? (Example: The cytoplasm of a red blood cell and surrounding plasma)

Back 72

Isotonic

Hint 72

Pg. 062

Front 73

What is it assumed if a solution is called isotonic without a specified reference solution?

Back 73

The reference is assumed to be blood plasma.

Hint 73

Pg. 062

Front 74

What are the other names given to describe Isotonic Saline?

Back 74

Normal Saline or Physiological Saline

Hint 74

Pg. 062

Front 75

What is Isotonic glucose called and why?

Back 75

5% Dextrose
It is a concentration of 5 g/100 ml of water.

Hint 75

Pg. 063

Front 76

What is a solution with a lower osmolarity and osmotic pressure than plasma or a cell’s cytoplasm called?

Back 76

Hyoptonic

Hint 76

Pg. 063

Front 77

What will happen to cells placed in a hypotonic solution?

Back 77

They will gain water, swell or burst.

Hint 77

Pg. 063

Front 78

What is the term that used to define disrupted cells?

Back 78

Lysis

Hint 78

Pg. 063

Front 79

What is the term used to define disrupted red blood cells?

Back 79

Hemolysis

Hint 79

Pg. 063

Front 80

What is the term used to define disruption of any type of cell?

Back 80

Cytolysis

Hint 80

Pg. 063

Front 81

What is the term that defines a solution with a higher osmolarity and osmotic pressure than plasma?

Back 81

Hypertonic

Hint 81

Pg. 063

Front 82

What will happen to a cell place in a hypertonic solution?

Back 82

It will shrink or loose water by osmosis.

Hint 82

Pg. 063

Front 83

What is the term to describe the state of a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

Back 83

Crenated

Hint 83

Pg. 063

Front 84

What specific protein channel allows the simple diffusion of water molecules to occur a faster rate?

Back 84

Aquaporins

Hint 84

Pg. 063

Front 85

What produces the specific protein channels that allow for the simple diffusion of water molecules to occur a faster rate and what inserts them?

Back 85

Produced by the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Inserted by the Golgi Apparatus

Hint 85

Pg. 063

Front 86

What hormone stimulates insertion of aquaporin channels in the kidneys so that more water can be retained and less urine is excreted?

Back 86

Antidiuretic Hormone
or
ADH

Hint 86

Pg. 063