Biol2420 - From Cells To Systems #3: Tissues

Front 1

What are the 4 primary tissues of the body?

Back 1

1) Muscle
2) Nervous
3) Epithelial
4) Connective

Hint 1

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Front 2

What are organs composed of?

Back 2

Organs are made of tissues that consist of highly specialized (differentiated) cells.

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Front 3

What is an important characteristic of early embryonic cells , and what are the cells also known as?

Back 3

Undifferentiated cells or Unspecialized cells these cells are also known as Embryonic Stem Cells.

Hint 3

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Front 4

What are the small populations of cells located in many adult organs that are less differentiated, and are thereby better able to divide and differentiate into the specialized cells of the particular organ called?

Back 4

Adult Stem Cells

Hint 4

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Front 5

Which type of primary body tissue is specialized for contraction?

Back 5

Muscle Tissue

Hint 5

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Front 6

What are the most familiar type of muscle tissue cells called, and why are they so named?

Back 6

Muscle Fibers or Myofibers Because these particular cells are longer than they are thick.

Hint 6

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Front 7

What is the most obvious visual defining characteristic of skeletal muscle cells?

Back 7

These cells have Cross Banding or Striations (Stripes)

Hint 7

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Front 8

What is the embryonic process that is responsible for forming skeletal muscle fibers?

Back 8

End-to-End Fusion of cells

Hint 8

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Front 9

What are the cells called that are fused end-to-end to form skeletal muscle fiber?

Back 9

Myoblasts

Hint 9

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Front 10

In the formation of skeletal muscle fibers what things does the end-to-end fusion of myoblasts allow for?

Back 10

It allows for:
1) The long length of many myofibers.
2) Numerous nuclei to be present in each myofiber.

Hint 10

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Front 11

How are skeletal muscles generally attached to bone?

Back 11

By Tendons

Hint 11

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Front 12

What is the type of muscle called that is found in only one body organ?

Back 12

Cardiac Muscle

Hint 12

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Front 13

What is a similar feature that Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle share?

Back 13

They are both striated

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Front 14

True or False. Cardiac muscle is regulated by voluntary control.

Back 14

False

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Front 15

How do Cardiac muscle fibers interlock with each other?

Back 15

Cardiac muscle fibers interlock at Intercalated Disks.

Hint 15

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Front 16

What do the plasma membranes of intercalated disks contain?

Back 16

Gap Junctions

Hint 16

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Front 17

What do the gap junctions allow for?

Back 17

They allow for contractions to be quickly spread throughout the heart wall.

Hint 17

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Front 18

What do the plasma membranes of the location where cardiac muscle fibers interlock with one another contain?

Back 18

Gap Junctions

Hint 18

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Front 19

What type of control is responsible for the contraction of Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle?

Back 19

Involuntary

Hint 19

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Front 20

True or False. Smooth muscles contain striations?

Back 20

False

Hint 20

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Front 21

What type of Primary body tissue regulates the body’s tissues, organs, and systems?

Back 21

Nervous Tissue

Hint 21

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Front 22

What are the cells that compose nerve tissue called?

Back 22

Neurons

Hint 22

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Front 23

What cells does the nervous system consist of?

Back 23

Neurons and Supporting cells

Hint 23

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Front 24

What is the name of the Nervous System’s supporting cells?

Back 24

Neuroglial cells

Hint 24

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Front 25

When are Neuroglial cells called Glial cells?

Back 25

When located in the Brain and Spinal Cord

Hint 25

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Front 26

What are the principle regulating cells of the nervous system?

Back 26

Neurons

Hint 26

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Front 27

What do principal regulating cells of the nervous system regulate the nervous system?

Back 27

They produce and conduct electrochemical nerve impulses. And Release chemical neurotransmitter molecules that regulate other neurons, muscles, and glands.

Hint 27

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Front 28

How many principle parts are there of a neuron?

Back 28

3

Hint 28

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Front 29

What are the 3 principle parts of a neuron?

Back 29

1. Cell Body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon

Hint 29

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Front 30

What principle part of the neuron contains the nucleus?

Back 30

The Cell Body

Hint 30

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Front 31

What part of the principle regulating cells of the nervous system serves as the manufacturing center?

Back 31

The Cell Body

Hint 31

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Front 32

What are the 2 categories of cytoplasmic processes of the cell body?

Back 32

Dendrites and Axons

Hint 32

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Front 33

Which cell body cytoplasmic process conducts signals towards the cell body and which conducts signals away from the cell body?

Back 33

Dendrites = Towards
Axons = Away

Hint 33

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Front 34

What are 3 principle differences between Dendrites and Axons?

Back 34

Length – [Dendrites = shorter and Axons = usually longer]
Process Composition – [Dendrites = branched processes and Axons = single process and branched near it’s terminal]
Conduction Direction – [Dendrites = toward Cell Body and Axon = away from Cell Body]

Hint 34

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Front 35

What type of primary body tissue forms membranes and glands?

Back 35

Epithelial tissue

Hint 35

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Front 36

What are the thin structures called that consist of tightly joined epithelial cells?

Back 36

Epithelial Membranes

Hint 36

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Front 37

What structure is a derivative of the thin structures formed by tightly joined epithelial cells?

Back 37

Glands

Hint 37

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Front 38

True or False. Epithelial membranes cover all body surfaces.

Back 38

True

Hint 38

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Front 39

How are the thin structures that consist of tightly joined epithelial cells connected to underlying connective tissue and what is this called?

Back 39

By a “glue-like layer.” Called the Basement Membrane

Hint 39

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Front 40

What does the Basement Membrane consist of?

Back 40

Proteins and Polysaccharides

Hint 40

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Front 41

What is the membrane called when the thin structure that consists of tightly joined epithelial cells is only one cellular layer in thickness?

Back 41

Simple Epithelial membrane

Hint 41

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Front 42

What is the characteristic shape of Squamous Epithelium cells?

Back 42

Flat or (Squat)

Hint 42

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Front 43

What is the characteristic shape of Cuboidal Epithelium cells?

Back 43

Roughly Cube-Shaped

Hint 43

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Front 44

What is the characteristic shape of Columnar Epithelium cells?

Back 44

They are taller than they are wide.

Hint 44

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Front 45

What is the name of epithelial membrane classification given if the membrane is a number of layers thick with only the bottom layer on the basement membrane?

Back 45

Stratified Epithelial Membrane

Hint 45

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Front 46

What is the structure called when cells in the upper layer of a Stratified Epithelial Membrane are Squamous?

Back 46

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Hint 46

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Front 47

What is the general name of the type of epithelial membrane derivatives that have ducts?

Back 47

Exocrine Glands

Hint 47

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Front 48

What is an important substance that is produced by the type of epithelial membrane derivatives that do not have ducts?

Back 48

Hormones

Hint 48

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Front 49

What derivative of the thin structures formed by tightly joined epithelial cells do not have ducts?

Back 49

Endocrine Glands

Hint 49

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Front 50

True or False. Connective tissues do not have abundant extracellular material?

Back 50

False

Hint 50

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Front 51

What does the large amount of extracellular material of connective tissues help to compose?

Back 51

The Matrix between connective tissue cells.

Hint 51

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Front 52

What allows for the possibility of extracellular matrix?

Back 52

The presence of the large distance that separates the connective tissues cells allows for this possibility.

Hint 52

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Front 53

How are connective tissues grouped?

Back 53

They are grouped according to the nature of the extracellular material in the matrix.

Hint 53

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Front 54

What type of tissue has an extracellular matrix consisting of protein fibers (primarily collagen) embedded in a gel-like (ground substance)?

Back 54

Connective Tissue Proper

Hint 54

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Front 55

What type of connective tissue has protein fibers that are spread apart in the ground substance?

Back 55

Loose Connective Tissue
or
Areolar Tissue

Hint 55

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Front 56

What type of connective tissue has protein fibers that are packaged closely together arranged in parallel groups?

Back 56

Dense Connective Tissue

Hint 56

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Front 57

What principle cells of connective tissue proper secrete the extracellular matrix?

Back 57

Fibroblasts

Hint 57

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Front 58

What is the name of the cell that helps renew population of fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells?

Back 58

Mesenchymal Cells (Which is a type of Adult Stem Cell)

Hint 58

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Front 59

What is responsible for renewing the principle cells of connective tissue proper that secrete the extracellular matrix?

Back 59

Mesenchymal Cells

Hint 59

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Front 60

What type of cell has its cytoplasm stretched across a globule of fat?

Back 60

Adipose Cell
or
Adipocyte

Hint 60

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Front 61

What specialized connective tissue has a tougher, more resilient protein that composes the ground substance of the extracellular matrix than compared to that of connective tissue proper?

Back 61

Cartilage

Hint 61

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Front 62

What type of specialized connective tissue has it’s extracellular matrix strengthened by calcium phosphate crystals?

Back 62

Bone

Hint 62

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Front 63

What are the cells of bone called?

Back 63

Osteocytes

Hint 63

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Front 64

What are the small spaces in the calcified matrix called?

Back 64

Lacunae

Hint 64

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Front 65

What is the structure called that extends through the small spaces in the calcified bone matrix, through the calcified matrix and then to blood vessels within a central canal called?

Back 65

Canaliculi

Hint 65

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Front 66

What is the circular arrangement of bone cells and calcified bone matrix around a central canal system containing blood vessels called?

Back 66

An Osteon
or
Harversian System

Hint 66

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Front 67

What type of primary body tissue is blood classified as?

Back 67

A special type of connective tissue.

Hint 67

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Front 68

What is the extracellular material of blood?

Back 68

The blood’s plasma

Hint 68

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Front 69

What is a Hematocrit?

Back 69

It is the ratio of packed red blood cells to the total blood volume.

Hint 69

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Front 70

How many primary tissues must be involved to compose an organ?

Back 70

All 4 primary tissues.

Hint 70

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Front 71

What is the largest organ of the body?

Back 71

The Skin

Hint 71

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Front 72

What is the largest organ in the body?

Back 72

The Liver

Hint 72

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Front 73

How are organs located in different regions of the body that perform related functions grouped?

Back 73

They are grouped together in Systems.

Hint 73

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