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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What type of polarity do Steroid and Thyroid hormones have?
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They are nonpolar
or Lipid-soluble |
Pg. 140
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True or False. Most of the body’s hormones are nonpolar or lipid soluble thus enabling them to be able to enter the phospholipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane.
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False. Most of the body’s hormones are polar molecules.
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Pg. 140
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_____________ are regulatory molecules that ___________ secrete into the blood.
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Hormones
Endocrine Glands |
Pg. 140
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Why are some cells affected by hormones that are secreted into the blood and other cells are not affected?
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Because they are not a target organ
or Because the lack the receptor proteins for the specific hormone |
Pg. 140
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What does the system derived from ductless epithelial tissues include?
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It includes organs that secrete hormones as their primary function.
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Pg. 140
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What function best describes the pancreas, Exocrine or Endocrine?
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Exocrine
Although it also has endocrine units called Pancreatic Islets or Islets of Langerhans |
Pg. 140
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What are some examples of polar hormones?
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Catecholamines (Norepinephrine and Epinephrine)
Polypeptides, Proteins and Glycoproteins (Insulin, Growth Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone |
Pg. 141
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What is Luteinizing hormone an example of?
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It is an example of a Glycoprotein hormone
or A hormone bound to a carbohydrate |
Pg. 141
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How are lipid soluble molecules transported in the blood?
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They must travel on Carrier Proteins
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Pg. 141
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What are some examples of nonpolar hormones?
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Steroids or (Hormones secreted by only the adrenal cortex and the gonads)
and Thyroid Hormones or (Hormones derived from tyrosine) |
Pg. 141
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What are the only hormones that include iodine as part of their structure called?
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Thyroid Hormones
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Pg. 141
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How must the majority of the body’s hormones enter their target cells?
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Through the action of second messengers
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Pg. 142
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What secretes Progesterone?
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It is secreted from the Corpus Luteum of the Ovaries
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Pg. 142
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What secretes Testosterone in males?
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The Leydig Cells of the Testes
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Pg. 142
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What are birth control pills derivatives of?
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Estradiol
and Progesterone |
Pg. 142
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What is the major thyroid hormone?
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Thyroxine
or Tetraiodothyronine or T4 |
Pg. 142
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What other iodine containing hormone besides T4 can the thyroid also secrete?
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Triiodothyronine
or T3 |
Pg. 142
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How is the Hypophysis attached to the hypothalamus?
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By a stalk called the Infundibulum
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Pg. 143
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What does the pituitary organ consist of?
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It consists of 2 glands:
The Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophsis) and The Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis |
Pg. 143
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Which part of the pituitary gland has no neural connections to the hypothalamus?
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The Anterior Pituitary
or The Adenohypophysis |
Pg. 143
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What 2 hormones does the Neurohypophysis store and secrete?
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Antidiruretic Hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)
and Oxytocin |
Pg. 143
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What action(s) does ADH have?
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1. It promotes the kidneys to retain water so less is excreted as urine.
2. It also causes constriction of blood vessels |
Pg. 143
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What is the function of Oxytocin?
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In Women Oxytocin:
1. Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor. 2. Stimulates contraction of the mammary ducts during lactation. 3. Aids in Sexual Arousal. |
Pg. 143
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True or False. The Neurohypophysis does not produce ADH and Oxytocin.
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True. Although the posterior pituitary secretes ADH and oxytocin it however does not produce these hormones.
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Pg. 143
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What produces Vasopressin and Oxytocin and how are these hormones transported to their storage location?
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They are produced by neuron cell bodies in two regions of the hypothalamus.
They are transported to the posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis) in axons of the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract. |
Pg. 144
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When will Vasopressin be released from its storage location?
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When the osmoreceptor neurons in the Hypothalamus are stimulated.
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Pg. 144
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What mechanisms control the secretion the 2 hormones stored in the neurohypophysis?
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Neuroendocrine reflexes control the secretion of these ADH and Oxytocin.
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Pg. 144
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How is the Adenohypophysis regulated?
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It is regulated by Hypothalamic Hormones
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Pg. 144
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What are the hormones produced and secreted by the Adenohypophysis generally known as?
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They are generally known as Tropic Hormones
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Pg. 144
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What are 6 hormones produced and secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
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1. Growth Hormone (GH)
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 5. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 6. Prolactin |
Pg. 144
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What are Luteinizing Hormone and the hormone responsible for stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles in women and the production of sperm in the testes of men called?
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Gonadotropic Hormones
or Gonadotropins |
Pg. 144
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Besides stimulating milk production by the mammary glands after a baby is born, what other function does this hormone have?
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It has a number of other supporting roles in the reproductive system and Kidneys in both men and women.
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Pg. 144
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What structure do hypothalamic hormones stimulate?
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They stimulate the Anterior Pituitary
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Pg. 144
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Why is referring to the pituitary gland as a Master Gland misleading?
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1. The Anterior Pituitary only regulates the Thyroid, Adrenal Cortex and Gonads not the other Endocrine Glands.
2. The secretion of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones are regulated by the Hypothalamus. |
Pg. 145
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What processes controls the Hypothalamus?
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It is controlled by higher brain areas
and By Negative Feedback effets from other endocrine glands. |
Pg. 145
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What allows the Hypothalamus to exert its regulatory control of the anterior pituitary?
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Through hormones it secretes into the Hypothalamohypophyseal Portal System.
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Pg. 145
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What are the Hormones that are excreted into the system of blood capillaries at the base of the hypothalamus that drain into venules that carry blood to a second bed of capillaries in the anterior pituitary?
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth-hormone releasing hormone (GNRH) Somatostatin Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) |
Pg. 145
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What is the mechanism that regulates the Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary?
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Negative Feedback
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Pg. 145
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How is the Hypothalamus in general regulated by negative feedback?
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It is regulated by the thyroid, adrenal cortex and the gonads because hormones secreted by these structures exert a Negative Feedback Inhibition.
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Pg. 145
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In women the negative feedback inhibition produced by __________ and _________ on the secretion of _____ and _____ prevents ovulation at a certain time of the cycle.
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Estradiol and Progesterone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) FSH and LH = Gonadotropic Hormones or Gonadotropins |
Pg. 146
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What 2 substances do Birth Control Pills Contain?
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Estradiol
and Progesterone |
Pg. 146
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What is the Adrenal gland composed of?
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It contains 2 glands
The Adrenal Medulla and The Adrenal Cortex |
Pg. 146
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What does the Adrenal Cortex secrete and what are the functions of these hormones?
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It secretes Corticosteroid Hormones or Corticoids
They regulate Metabolism and Electrolyte (Na+ and K+) Homeostasis |
Pg. 146
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What is the Adrenal Medulla derived from and how is it innervated?
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It is derived from the Embryonic Neural Crest
It is innervated by Sympathetic Neurons |
Pg. 146
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True or False. The Adrenal Cortex is derived from different embryonic tissue than the Adrenal Medulla and it is Innervated by axons.
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False. Although the Adrenal Cortex is derived from different embryonic tissue than the Adrenal Medulla, It is however not innervated by axons.
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Pg. 147
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What is one of the Metabolic effects of Epinephrine?
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It stimulates the Hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver.
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Pg. 147
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How can epinephrine, which is a polar hormone, affect a target cell?
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Receptor proteins for polar hormones are built into the plasma membrane and bind to the hormones in the extracellular fluid.
This then activates second-messenger systems within the target cells. |
Pg. 147
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What is the second-messenger used by Epinephrine and Norepinephrine?
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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Pg. 147
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What are the 3 types of hormones secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?
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1. Glucocorticoids
2. Mineralocorticoids 3. Weak androgens |
Pg. 147-148
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What are the function(s) of Glucocorticoids?
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1. Regulation metabolism in such a way as to raise the blood glucose concentration.
2. Promotion of the catabolism of proteins. |
Pg. 147
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What is the name of the major Glucocorticoid in humans?
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Cortisol
or Hydrocortisone |
Pg. 147
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What specific Glucocorticoid is responsible for regulation of electrolyte concentrations in the blood?
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Mineralocorticoids
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Pg. 148
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What is the major Mineralocorticoid in humans?
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Aldosterone
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Pg. 148
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What is the name of the principle adrenal androgen?
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Androstenedione
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Pg. 148
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True or False. Corticosteroids are polar molecules?
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False. Like other Steroid hormones and the Thyroid Hormones, Corticosteroids are nonpolar.
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Pg. 148
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Where are receptor proteins for lipid-soluble hormones generally located?
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They are generally located inside their target cells.
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Pg. 148
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What are receptor proteins for nonpolar Steroid and Thyroid hormones referred to as?
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They are referred to as Nuclear Receptors
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Pg. 148
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What does the secretion of CRH stimulate?
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It stimulates the secretion of ACTH
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Pg. 148
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What does ACTH secreted by the anterior pituitary stimulate?
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It stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete Glucocorticoid hormones (principally Cortisol)
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Pg. 148
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What does the secretion of the adrenal cortex’s principle hormone inhibit?
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It inhibits secretion of both ACTH and CRH by a negative feedback inhibition.
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Pg. 148
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What is the condition called where by higher brain areas can drive the secretion of CRH and also ACTH thereby increasing the secretion of Cortisol?
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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Pg. 148
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When and why is an increase in Cortisol a beneficial response to stress?
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It is a beneficial response to the stress of severe infections, burns and surgery.
Elevated cortisol causes an increase in blood glucose for the CNS and of Amino Acids for the repair of injured tissues. |
Pg. 148
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Why is an increase in Cortisol a detrimental response to stress?
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Because Glucocorticoids can suppress the immune system, and increase the risk of illness.
High Cortisol levels due to prolonged stress can also include memory defects, anxiety and depression. |
Pg. 149
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What is the function of the principle mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?
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It stimulates the kidneys to retain more Na+ and water in the blood.
and Excrete more K+ in the urine |
Pg. 149
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What condition results when there is low blood sodium?
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Hypotension
Because low blood sodium causes too little water to be reabsorbed and blood volume falls. |
Pg. 149
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What condition results when there is high blood sodium?
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Hypertension
Because high blood sodium causes too much water to be reabsorbed and blood volume increases. |
Pg. 149
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Without Aldosterone, what would occur?
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Too much Na+ and water would be lost in the urine.
This would result in dehydration and development of Hyperkalemia (High blood K+) Hyperkalemia would cause the heart to fibrillate (quiver ineffectually) |
Pg. 149
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True or False. Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by ACTH.
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False. Aldosterone is not stimulated by ACTH, but by other chemical regulators.
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Pg. 149
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What is the name of a chemical regulator produced in that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone?
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Angiotensin II
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Pg. 149
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