Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
True or False. Blood vessels do not vasoconstrict when they are injured.
|
False. Blood vessels undergo vasoconstriction when they are injured.
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
What is the accumulation of blood in the tissues called?
|
A Hematoma
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
Which particular blood vessels do not undergo vasoconstriction when they are injured?
|
Capillaries
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
What is formed from the cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes?
|
Platelets
or Thrombocytes |
Pg. 222
|
|
|
What is the general function of platelets?
|
To maintain the health and integrity of the endothelium.
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
What is the term for an insufficient number of the structures formed from cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes?
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
What causes an insufficient number of the structures formed from cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes?
|
Thrombocytopenia is either due to:
Low production of platelets in the bone marrow Increased breakdown of platelets outside the bone marrow Leukemia Usage of Certain Drugs |
Pg. 222
|
|
|
How can Leukemia cause thrombocytopenia?
|
It crowds out the megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of thrombocytopenia?
|
Bruising, Nosebleeds, or Bleeding in the mouth, and a Rash, Gastrointestinal bleeding or bleeding in the Brain.
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
Why do platelets not stick to normal endothelium?
|
Because the endothelial cells secrete molecules such as “Prostacyclin” or “Nitric oxide”
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
What is the connective tissue found underneath the endothelium called?
|
Collagen
|
Pg. 222
|
|
|
Platelets contain a very high concentration of _______similar to _____ and ______found in muscle cells.
|
Filaments
Actin Myosin |
Pg. 223
|
|
|
What is the primary sealer of breaks in vessel walls?
|
The Platelet plug
|
Pg. 223
|
|
|
The ______________ released by platelets (and injured tissues) start a complex series of enzymatic reactions.
|
Coagulation Activators
|
Pg. 223
|
|
|
What are the names of pathways that can lead to the formation of a blood clot?
|
The Extrinsic Pathway
The Intrinsic Pathway |
Pg. 223
|
|
|
How is the Extrinsic Pathway typically stimulated?
|
It is typically stimulated from outside the blood vessel
|
Pg. 223
|
|
|
What is releases when the wall of a blood vessel is traumatized, or when nearby tissues are injured?
|
Tissue Thromboplastin
|
Pg. 223
|
|
|
What does Tissue Thromboplastin contain?
|
It contains Phospholipids from the membranes of the tissues and a liproprotein complex.
|
Pg. 223
|
|
|
What does Tissue Thromboplastin form a complex with?
|
Factor VII
|
Pg. 223-224
|
|
|
What will the complex formed from the unification of Tissue Thromboplastin and Factor VII activate and what must be present form this to occur?
|
They activate Factor X
Calcium must be present for this to occur |
Pg. 223-224
|
|
|
Once Factor X has been activated, what will it form a complex with?
|
It forms a complex with Factor V
|
Pg. 223-224
|
|
|
What is formed when Factor X and Factor V unify in presence of calcium?
|
Prothrombin Activators are formed
|
Pg. 223-224
|
|
|
What will Prothrombin Activators in the presence of calcium do?
|
They will rapidly convert Prothrombin to Thrombin
|
Pg. 223-224
|
|
|
What will Thrombin in the presence of calcium do?
|
It will rapidly convert Fibrinogen (which is a liquid) into Fibrin (which is a solid clot)
|
Pg. 223-224
|
|
|
How is the Intrinsic Pathway typically activated?
|
It is typically activated by stimuli from within a blood vessel
|
Pg. 224
|
|
|
What can infections, transfusion reactions, injury to platelets, exposure of blood to foreign surfaces activate?
|
These can lead to the activation of Factor XII
|
Pg. 224
|
|
|
What does Factor XII activate once it has been activated?
|
It activates Factor XI
|
Pg. 224
|
|
|
What does Factor XI activate when calcium is present?
|
Factor IX
|
Pg. 224
|
|
|
Once Factor IX has been activated what are the next components of the clotting pathway needed to activate the following Factor and what is the factor that is activated?
|
The activated Factor IX acts in concert with Factor VIII and when calcium is present Factor X is activated.
|
Pg. 224
|
|
|
True or False. Once the clotting cascade in both clotting pathways reaches Factor X, the remaining sequence is different in the Intrinsic Pathway then it is in the Extrinsic Pathway.
|
False. Once the clotting cascade in both clotting pathways reaches Factor X, the remaining sequence is of events is the same in both pathways.
|
Pg. 224
|
|
|
What specifically happens once thrombin has been formed?
|
Thrombin acts as an enzyme that severs 2 short amino acid chains from each fibrinogen molecule, Then these activated fragments then join end to end and long threads of fibrin are then formed.
|
Pg. 225
|
|
|
What is the function of Fibrin?
|
The function of the fibrin is to support and reinforce the platelet plug.
|
Pg. 225
|
|
|
What do the enzymatic reaction which occur with clotting factors require?
|
They require Calcium
|
Pg. 225
|
|
|
What is the name of the commonly used laboratory anticoagulant that binds up calcium so coagulation will not occur?
|
Sodium Citrate
|
Pg. 225
|
|
|
What bodily structure produces Fibrinogen and Prothrombin?
|
The Liver
|
Pg. 225
|
|
|
What is the name of the vitamin found in leafy green vegetables and also produced by intestinal bacteria, and why is this vitamin necessary?
|
Vitamin K
It is necessary for the production of Prothrombin, Factor VII, Facotr IX and Factor X. |
Pg. 226
|
|
|
What does blood coagulation result from?
|
Blood Coagulation results from the combined plugging action of platelets and the reinforcing action of clotting proteins.
|
Pg. 226
|
|
|
What is the name(s) of the condition caused by a deficiency of Factor VIII clotting protein?
|
Classical Hemophilia
or Hemophilia A |
Pg. 226
|
|
|
What symptoms do Hemophiliacs exhibit?
|
1) Easy bruising
2) Nose bleeds 3) Bleeding gums 4) Internal bleeding (bleeding into the brain is a frequent cause of death) 5) Bleeding into the joints (which can cause cartilage degeneration in the joints and resorption of underlying bone) |
Pg. 226
|
|
|
Which chromosome carries the Factor VIII deficiency?
|
The “X” chromosome
|
Pg. 226
|
|
|
True or False. Classical Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait.
|
True
|
Pg. 226
|
|
|
What is the name of the enzyme that degrades a clot once it has served its purpose?
|
Plasmin
|
Pg. 226
|
|
|
What is Plasmin derived from?
|
It is derived from an inactive precursor in the plasma called “Plasminogen”
|
Pg. 226
|
|
|
What structure manufactures Plasminogen?
|
The Liver
|
Pg. 226
|
|
|
True or False. Plasminogen can cleave fibrin strands.
|
False. Although Plasminogen cannot cleave fibrin, it still has an affinity for it, and thus is incorporated into the clot when it is formed.
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
What substances can convert plasminogen into the active substance that can degrade a clot?
|
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
Urokinase Streptokinase |
Pg. 227-228
|
|
|
What is a blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel called?
|
It is called a Thrombus
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
What conditions could cause a blood vessel’s lining to be abnormal and serve to stimulate clot formation?
|
Atherosclerosis
Varicose Veins Phlebitis Infection |
Pg. 227
|
|
|
What is a thrombus which is moved away by the blood from its site of formation called?
|
It is called an Embolus
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
Where do Thrombi frequently form and where do they usually travel?
|
Thrombi frequently form in the veins of the leg
They then usually travel as emboli to the lungs or heart |
Pg. 227
|
|
|
What is a thrombus which is moved away by the blood from its site of formation called that lodges in the lungs?
|
Pulmonary Embolism
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
What general class of drugs are people with a history of heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolisms given?
|
They are given Anticoagulants (to reduce their clotting tendencies)
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
True or False. Anticoagulants are Blood thinners.
|
False. They are mistakenly called Blood thinners.
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
What is the name of the anticoagulant that takes immediate effect?
|
Heparin
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
How does Heparin accomplish its anticoagulatory effect?
|
It inhibits the conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
What is the name of the anticoagulant that takes several days for its effects to take place?
|
Coumadin
or Sodium Warfarin |
Pg. 227-228
|
|
|
How does Coumadin accomplish its anticoagulatory effect?
|
It acts interfering with the liver’s Vitamin K dependent synthesis of prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, and Factor X.
|
Pg. 227
|
|
|
What effect does taking Aspirin have?
|
It acts by permanently damaging the ability of platelets to clump (aggregate).
|
Pg. 228
|
|
|
What condition occurs that can be so severe that it can use up available platelets and clotting proteins?
|
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
|
Pg. 228
|
|
|
What types of circumstances can trigger Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?
|
1. Obstetrical complications
2. Infection 3. Cancer 4. Transfusion reactions |
Pg. 228
|
|
|
What best treatment and type of drug may be used when treating an individual with DIC?
|
The Best treatment is to remove or treat the underlying cause.
Low doses of Heparin may be used. |
Pg. 228
|
