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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What do the brain and spinal cord develop from?
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The Neural Tube
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Pg. 091
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What do the major structures in the CNS develop from?
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The Neural Tube
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Pg. 091
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What does the forebrain later subdivided into?
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The Midbrain
and The Hindbrain |
Pg. 091
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What is the name of the tissue that forms the neural tube?
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Ectoderm
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Pg. 091
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In embryonic development what is the name of the structure that will ultimately form the ganglia of the PNS?
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The Neural Crest
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Pg. 091
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What 3 major regions of the brain are formed by the middle of the fourth week after conception?
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1) The Forebrain
2) The Midbrain 3) The Hindbrain |
Pg. 091
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What divisions does the Forebrain eventually subdivide into and when does this occur?
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The Forebrain divides into the Telencephalon and Diencephalon.
This occurs during the fifth week of development. |
Pg. 092
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What neurological structure(s) does the Telencephalon include?
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The Cerebrum
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Pg. 092
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What neurological structure(s) does the Diencephalon include?
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The Thalamus
and The Hypothalamus |
Pg. 092
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What is another name given for the midbrain region of the brain?
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The Mesencepahlon
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Pg. 092
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What divisions does the hindbrain eventually subdivide into?
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The Metencephalon
and The Myelencephalon |
Pg. 092
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What neurological structure(s) does the Metencephalon include?
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The Pons
and The Cerebellum |
Pg. 092
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What neurological strucuture(s) does the Myelencephalon include?
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The Medulla Oblongata
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Pg. 092
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What does the cavity of the neural tube develop into as the neural tube becomes the structures of the CNS?
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1) It becomes the Ventricles of the brain
2) It becomes the Central Canal of the spinal cord |
Pg. 092
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What do the structures that develop from the cavity of the neural tube contain?
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Pg. 092
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What function does CSF serve?
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Serves as a shock-absorbing medium between the brain and spinal cord and the bones that surround them.
and Serves as a transport system for important neuroendocrine factors. |
Pg. 092
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How can the substance contained in the ventricles and central canal be removed and where is this procedure performed?
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It can be removed by a Spinal Tap or (Lumbar Puncture)
and It is performed between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae |
Pg. 092
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What is inflammation of the connective tissue that covers the CNS called and what is this condition typically caused by?
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Meningitis
It is typically caused by Viruses or Bacteria |
Pg. 092
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What is the name of the condition that can occur if the normal flow of CSF is blocked or impaired?
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Hydrocephalus
or Water on the brain |
Pg. 092
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What can build up of CSF in the ventricles of the brain lead to?
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1) Mental Retardation
2) Seizures 3) Enlargement of the head (in the case of infants) |
Pg. 092
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What does EEG stand for and what does it detect?
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EEG = Electroencephalogram
It detects the brain’s electrical activity during wakefulness and sleep. |
Pg. 092
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What structure’s neuronal activity does the EEG measure?
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The Outer layer of the Cerebrum
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Pg. 092
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What is the outer layer of the Cerebrum called?
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The Cerebral Cortex
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Pg. 092
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What stages/categories is sleep divided into?
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REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)
and Non-REM sleep |
Pg. 093
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Which major stage of sleep do dreams generally occur?
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REM sleep
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Pg. 093
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What characteristic do EEG patterns display during REM sleep?
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The patterns are desynchronized.
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Pg. 093
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True or False. EEG patterns during wakefulness are synchronized.
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False. EEG patterns are desynchronized during wakefulness just as they are in REM sleep.
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Pg. 093
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What characteristic(s) do EEG patterns display during Non-REM sleep?
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The patterns display High-amplitude and Low-Frequency waves.
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Pg. 093
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A person typically goes through approximately _______ REM to Non-REM cycles a night.
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5
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Pg. 093
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What sleep stage do people usually awaken from if they are low allowed to wake up naturally?
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REM sleep
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Pg. 093
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What sleep stage do slow-wave EEG activity correspond to?
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Non-REM sleep
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Pg. 093
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What processes does research suggest that Slow-Wave sleep may aid in?
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Learning
and The process of consolidation of memories |
Pg. 093
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How is the cerebrum divided?
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It is divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres
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Pg. 093
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What is the surface gray matter that composes each cerebral hemisphere called?
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The Cerebral Cortex
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Pg. 093
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What is the underlying white matter of each cerebral hemisphere called and what does it contain?
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The Cerebral Medulla
It contains nuclei of gray matter |
Pg. 093
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What are the nuclei of gray matter found in the underlying white matter of each cerebral hemisphere involved in?
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They are involved in motor control
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Pg. 093
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What are some of the functions of the surface gray matter that compose each cerebral hemisphere?
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1) Perception
2) Motor Control 3) Language 4) Emotion 5) Memory |
Pg. 093
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What is the last center to receive sensory input and carry out integration before commanding voluntary motor responses?
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The Cerebrum
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Pg. 093
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What is the largest portion of the brain and what percent of the brain’s mass does it account for?
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The Cerebrum
and It accounts for 80% of its mass |
Pg. 093
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What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum?
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The Corpus Collosum
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Pg. 093
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Where do all conscious thought process occur?
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The Cerebral Cortex
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Pg. 093
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What are the five lobes of each cerebral hemispheres?
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1) Frontal lobe
2) Parietal lobe 3) Temporal lobe 4) Occipital lobe 5) Insula |
Pg. 094
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What structure separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe?
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A deep fissure called the Central Sulcus
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Pg. 094
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What are located in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the deep fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
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Association neurons called Upper Motor Neurons
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Pg. 094
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Why are the association neurons located in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the deep fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe called Upper Motor Neurons?
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Because they help control the motor neurons of the spinal cord.
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Pg. 094
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What is the portion of the frontal lobe that contains Upper Motor Neurons also referred to as?
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The Motor Cortex
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Pg. 094
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What is the region in parietal lobe immediately posterior to the deep fissure that separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe responsible for?
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It is responsible for Somatesthetic Sensations
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Pg. 094
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What does the Temporal lobe contain?
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It contains auditory centers for receiving and analyzing the sense of hearing.
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Pg. 094
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What is the Occipital lobe primarily responsible for?
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Vision
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Pg. 094
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What is the Insula responsible for?
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It is involved with interpreting olfactory information (Smell)
and Integrating sensations of pain with visceral (internal organ) responses |
Pg. 094
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How does each cerebral hemisphere control movement?
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Each cerebral hemisphere controls movement by means of the motor cortex of the opposite side of the body.
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Pg. 094
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What is the term given that means opposite?
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Contralateral
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Pg. 094
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How does the contralateral motor cortex movement occur?
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It occurs as a result the crossing over from one side to the other of the axons from neurons in the cerebral hemispheres.
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Pg. 094
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What is the term given to describe the crossing over from one side to the other of axons from neurons in cerebral hemispheres involved with contralateral motor cortex movement?
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Decussation
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Pg. 094
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Which cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant?
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The Left Hemisphere
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Pg. 095
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What has research demonstrated regarding the Left Cerebral Hemisphere?
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That it is specialized for Language and Analytical ability
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Pg. 095
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What has research demonstrated regarding the Right Cerebral Hemisphere?
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That it is specialized for Spatial Comprehension (eg: Reading maps and facial expressions)
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Pg. 095
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What disorder is characterized by excessive uncontrolled neuronal activity in the brain?
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Epilepsy
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Pg. 095
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What is the term given that describes the different specializations of the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
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Cerebrallateralization
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Pg. 095
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Where does language ability reside?
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In the Cerebral Cortex
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Pg. 095
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How are Aphasias often produced?
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By damage to the brain through head injury or stroke.
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Pg. 095
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If an individual has Broca’s Aphasia where has the damage occurred?
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The damage was located in the left inferior frontal lobe and surrounding areas, which is the Broca’s area.
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Pg. 095
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Which side of the body does Broca’s Aphasia affect?
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The right side of the body.
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Pg. 095
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What speech characteristics does a person with Broca’s Aphasia display?
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Speech is slow and poorly articulated.
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Pg. 095
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True or False. People with Broca’s Aphasia have difficulty understanding what is spoken.
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False. People with Broca’s Aphasia understand what is spoken but have difficulty responding.
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Pg. 095
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People that can speak easily but who cannot understand spoken or written language, Have damage to what specific area?
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Wernicke’s Area or the adjacent regions of the parietal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere.
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Pg. 095
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What specific area does oral and written language must project to be understood?
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Wernicke’s Area
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Pg. 095
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Once oral and written language information is processed and understood, where is the next place the information must be sent so a person can respond?
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Broca’s Area
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Pg. 095
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What system is involved in emotions?
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The Limbic System
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Pg. 095
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What structurally does the Limbic System consist of?
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It consists of a group of cerebral nuclei and axon tracts that form a ring around the brain stem.
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Pg. 095
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What structure(s) does the limbic system include?
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The Hippocampus
and Amygdala |
Pg. 095
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What diencephalic structure is also included in the limbic system?
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The Hypothalamus
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Pg. 095
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What is another term for basal nuclei?
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Basal Ganglia
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Pg. 096
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What is the name of the masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebrum?
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Basal Nuclei
or Basal Ganglia |
Pg. 096
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What do the masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebrum help control?
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Body movements
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Pg. 096
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What is the name of the most prominent structure of the basal nuclei?
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Corpus Striatum
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Pg. 096
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In the area of the cerebral cortex that control movement, where do the basal nuclei receive axons from?
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The Precentral Gyrus in the frontal lobe
or The Motor Cortex |
Pg. 096
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What structure do basal nuclei send axons?
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The Thalamus
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Pg. 096
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What structure does the thalamus send axons to?
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The Precentral Gyrus
or The Motor Cortex |
Pg. 096
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What do the axons that extend from neurons in the basal nuclei release?
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GABA
or An inhibitory neurotransmitter that produces hyperpolarization or IPSPs |
Pg. 096
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From what specific structure is the activity of GABA-releasing neurons of basal nuclei partly regulated by?
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Substantia Nigra
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Pg. 096
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What major brain region does the Substantia Nigra belong to?
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The Midbrain
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Pg. 096
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What specific neurotransmitter do basal ganglia produce?
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Dopamine
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Pg. 097
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What condition occurs when there is a degeneration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine?
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Parkinson’s Disease
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Pg. 097
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What does the diencephalon of the forebrain include?
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1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus 3. Part of the Pituitary Gland |
Pg. 097
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What purpose does the Thalamus serve?
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It serves as a relay center for sensory information
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Pg. 097
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What are some of the important functions of the Hypothalamus?
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1. Control of the Pituitary Gland
2. Regulation of Circadian Rhythms 3. Responses of Thirst and Hunger 4. Thermostat of the Body 5. Contribution to Sexual Arousal 6. Participates with the limbic system in emotions |
Pg. 097
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What is the Diencephalon completely surrounded by?
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The Cerebral Hemispheres
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Pg. 097
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What structure comprises 80% of the diencephalic area?
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The Thalamus
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Pg. 097
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What is the only sensory information coming into the CNS that is not first sent to the Thalamus?
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Smell
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Pg. 097
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Where does the sensory information of smell directly go?
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The Cerebral Cortex
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Pg. 097
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What 2 structures is the Hypothalamus located between?
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The Thalamus
and The Pituitary Gland |
Pg. 097
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Where would hypothalamic stimulation need to occur to for eating to be inhibited?
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The Medial Hypothalamus
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Pg. 097
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Where would hypothalamic stimulation need to occur to prompt eating?
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The Lateral Hypothalamus
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Pg. 097
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What is another name for the Pituitary?
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The Hypophysis
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Pg. 098
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In embryonic development, diencephalic neural tissue migrates to form a connection with the hypothalamus and the ____________________.
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Posterior Pituitary
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Pg. 098
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What is another name for the posterior pituitary and why?
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The Neurohypophysis
Because it is derived from neural tissue |
Pg. 098
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What is the anterior pituitary derived from?
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Epithelial tissue from the roof of the embryo’s mouth
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Pg. 098
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What is another name for the anterior pituitary and why?
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Adenohypophysis
Because glands are classified as epithelial tissue |
Pg. 098
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What important hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?
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1) Anitdiuretic Hormone (ADH)
2) Oxytocin |
Pg. 098
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What is another name for ADH?
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Vasopressin
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Pg. 098
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What structure produces vasopressin and oxytocin?
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The Hypothalamus
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Pg. 098
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What controls the secretion of ADH and Oxytocin?
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The Hypothalamus
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Pg. 098
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What hormones are produced by the Adenohypophysis?
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1. "Thyroid-stimulating hormone" (TSH)
2. "Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 3. "Luteinizing hormone" (LH) 4. "Adrenocorticotropic hormone" (ACTH) 5. "Growth hormone" (GH) 6. “Prolactin” |
Pg. 098
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What do the Adenohypophysis and the Neurohypophysis have in common?
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Their hormone secretions are controlled by the Hypothalamus
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Pg. 098
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True or False. Adenohypophysis Hypothalamic control is neural
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False. Neurons do not extend from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
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Pg. 098
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How does the Hypothalamus regulate the Adenohypophysis?
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Through secreting Releasing Hormones
or Inhibiting Hormones |
Pg. 098
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What is the name of the highly specialized structure contained in anterior hypothalamic region that helps regulate the bodies “about day” cycle?
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The Suprachiamatic Nuclei (SCN)
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Pg. 098
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What is the suprachiasmatic nuclei relevant?
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Because they contain approximately 20,000 neurons that function as "clock cells", witch contain electrical activity that automatically repeats itself every 24 hours.
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Pg. 098
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What information must be relayed to the SCN in order for the 24-hour cycle set by the SCN to relate to the 24-hour cycle of day and night?
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Information regarding light and dark
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Pg. 099
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What hormone does the SCN control?
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Melatonin
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Pg. 099
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Where is the hormone melatonin released?
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It is released from the Pineal Gland
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Pg. 099
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What is the major regulator of circadian Rhythms?
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Melatonin
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Pg. 099
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What major brain regions form the brain stem?
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The Midbrain
and The Hindbrain |
Pg. 099
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What are some of the important functions the major brain regions that compose the brain stem provides?
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1. Helping in regulation of skeletal muscles for body movement
2. Regulation of reward and punishment 3. Regulation of breathing and blood pressure 4. Regulation of sleep and wakefulness |
Pg. 099
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What structures is the midbrain located between?
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The Diencephalon
and The Pons |
Pg. 099
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What specific system participates in emotional reward?
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The Mesolimbic Dopamine System
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Pg. 100
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What specific structure is promoted to release dopamine when someone abuses drugs?
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The Nucleus Accumbens
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Pg. 100
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Besides Dopamine, what other neurotransmitters can also be released in response to drug abuse?
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Serotonin
and Norepinephrine |
Pg. 100
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What specific structure(s) does the hindbrain region contain?
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1. The Pons
2. The Cerebellum 3. The Medulla Oblongata |
Pg. 100
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What is the term used to define what both the pons and cerebellum compose?
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The Metencephalon
|
Pg. 100
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What 2 specific structures cooperate to regulate breathing?
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The Pons
and The Medulla Oblongata |
Pg. 100
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What does groupings of neuron cell bodies of the Pons provide?
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They provide motor axons within several cranial nerves
|
Pg. 100
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What is the second-largest structure in the brain?
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The Cerebellum
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Pg. 100
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What does the cerebellum receive sensory input to enable it to coordinate body movements?
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Proprioceptors
or Muscle, Tendon and Joint Receptors |
Pg. 100
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What specific functions is the Cerebellum needed for?
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Motor Learning
and The proper timing and force of movements |
Pg. 100
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What is the only structure located in the Myelencephalon of the Hindbrain?
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The Medulla Oblongata
|
Pg. 100
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What do the tracts that decussate in the medulla form?
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Elevated strucutures called “Pyramids”
|
Pg. 100
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What do the nuclei within the medulla give rise to?
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They give rise to axons within several cranial nerves
|
Pg. 100
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What are the nuclei contained in the medulla which help regulate breathing and the cardiovascular system called?
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Vital Centers
|
Pg. 100
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What divisions are the vital centers of the medulla divided into?
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1. The Respiratory Center
2. The Vasomotor Center 3. The Cardiac Control Center 4. The Reticular Activating System |
Pg. 100-101
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What is the function of the Vasomotor Center of the Medulla?
|
It Innervates Blood Vessels
|
Pg. 100
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What is the function of the Cardiac Control Center of the Medulla?
|
It innervates the heart
|
Pg. 101
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What does the Reticular Activating System of the Medulla do?
|
It regulates Sleep and Wakefulness
|
Pg. 101
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What is the white matter of the spinal cord composed of?
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It is composed of ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts.
|
Pg. 101
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What is contained in the gray matter of the Spinal Cord?
|
It contains the cell bodies of motor and association neurons.
|
Pg. 101
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Where does the hindbrain end and the spinal cord begin?
|
The Foramen Magnum
or The large opening at the base of the skull |
Pg. 101
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Where does the Spinal cord end?
|
At the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
|
Pg. 101
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What is another name sensory axon tracts of the spinal cord?
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Ascending Tracts
|
Pg. 101
|
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What is another name for the motor axon tracts of the spinal cord?
|
Descending Tracts
|
Pg. 101
|
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What is the condition called if the spinal cord is severed and loss of sensation and motor control is the result?
|
Paralysis
|
Pg.101
|
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What happens if the spinal cord is severed at the thoracic region and what is this condition called?
|
The lower body and legs are paralyzed.
This condition is known as Paraplegia. |
Pg. 101
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What happens if the spinal cord is severed at the lower neck region and what is this condition called?
|
All four limbs are usually affected.
This condition is known as Quadriplegia. |
Pg. 101
|
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Why is damage to the spinal cord above the third cervical vertebra extremely severe?
|
Because death will typically ensue because of an inability to innervate the muscles of breathing.
|
Pg. 101
|
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What are the various brain regions where descending tracts originate?
|
1. Cerebrum
2. Thalamus 3. Midbrain 4. Cerebellum |
Pg. 102
|
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What difficulties do patients with damage to the right parietal lobe cerebral hemisphere have?
|
They have motor difficulties on the left side of their body
|
Pg. 102
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What do patients with damage in the left cerebral hemisphere often have?
|
They often have impaired skilled motor activity in both hands.
|
Pg. 102
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What does research and observation suggest that the left cerebral hemisphere is specialized for?
|
That it is specialized for skilled motor control of both hands.
|
Pg. 102
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Since the left side of the body is controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere, how can the left cerebral hemisphere influence the left hand?
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Because axons of left cerebral hemisphere cross over via the Corpus Callosum, thus influencing this control.
|
Pg. 102
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