Biol2420 - Blood And Circulation #3: Volume And Pressure

Front 1

The ___________ influences cardiac output and blood pressure, and so must be carefully regulated.

Back 1

Total Blood Volume

Hint 1

Pg. 209

Front 2

What 2 hormones are primarily responsible for the regulation of blood volume?

Back 2

ADH or (Vasopressin)
and
Aldosterone

Hint 2

Pg. 209

Front 3

What ways does an individual normally lose blood volume?

Back 3

Through: Sweating, Breathing and Production of Urine.

Hint 3

Pg. 209

Front 4

What is the major way that the total blood volume is regulated?

Back 4

The kidneys production of urine is the major way the total blood volume is regulated.

Hint 4

Pg. 209

Front 5

What do most capillaries in the body other than those in the CNS have?

Back 5

Most capillaries in the body other than those in the CNS have channels between adjacent endothelial cells.

Hint 5

Pg. 210

Front 6

What does the fluid which is filtered out of the capillary wall due to the capillary blood pressure acts as?

Back 6

It acts as a “Filtration Pressure”

Hint 6

Pg. 210

Front 7

What is the outward movement of fluid opposed by and what produces this force?

Back 7

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
It is produced by plasma proteins

Hint 7

Pg. 210

Front 8

The ________ of a solution is directly proportional to its solute concentration.

Back 8

Osmotic pressure

Hint 8

Pg. 210

Front 9

What is the normal concentration of plasma proteins?

Back 9

6-8g/100ml

Hint 9

Pg. 210

Front 10

What is the normal protein concentration of interstitial fluid?

Back 10

2 g/100ml

Hint 10

Pg. 210

Front 11

What are the 3 functions of the Lymphatic System?

Back 11

1. It transports excess interstitial fluid back into the blood.
2. It transports absorbed fat from the small intestine into the blood.
3. Its cells (lymphocytes) help provide immunological defense against disease-causing agents.

Hint 11

Pg. 210

Front 12

What lymphatic structures are closed-ended tubes that form a vast network in the interstitial spaces within most organs?

Back 12

Lymphatic Capillaries

Hint 12

Pg. 210-211

Front 13

How is lymph finally returned to the blood?

Back 13

Through the Thoracic Duct and The Right Lymphatic Duct that drain into the left and right Subclavian Veins.

Hint 13

Pg. 211

Front 14

What is excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid known as?

Back 14

Edema

Hint 14

Pg. 211

Front 15

What are some of the possible causes of excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid?

Back 15

1. High Arterial Blood Pressure (which increases the filtration pressure in the capillaries)
2. Venous Obstruction ( which produces a congestive increase in capillary filtration pressure)
3. Leakage of Plasma Proteins into the Interstitial Fluid (which increases the colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid, thereby reducing the osmotic return of water to the capillaries)
4. Decreased Plasma Protein Concentration ( as a result of Liver Disease, Starvation or other causes which reduce the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma)
5. Obstruction of the Lymphatic Drainage ( which prevents the elimination of excessive interstitial fluid in the lymph)

Hint 15

Pg. 211

Front 16

____ and ______ adjust the renal regulation of blood volume.

Back 16

ADH
and
Aldosterone

Hint 16

Pg. 211

Front 17

What are the special capillaries called in the kidneys where a filtrate is produced?

Back 17

Glomeruli

Hint 17

Pg. 211

Front 18

Approximately how much filtrate do both kidneys produce per day?

Back 18

180 L

Hint 18

Pg. 211

Front 19

What is the process called where the majority of filtrate re-enters the blood?

Back 19

Reabsorption

Hint 19

Pg. 211

Front 20

Which hormone stimulates the renal reabsorption of water?

Back 20

Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH)
or
Vasopressin
or
A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland when stimulated by axons descending from the Hypothalamus

Hint 20

Pg. 211

Front 21

What is the secretion of ADH influenced by?

Back 21

It is influenced by the osmolarity (the total solute concentration of plasma)

Hint 21

Pg. 211

Front 22

How can the plasma osmolarity be raised?

Back 22

1. Dehydration (which reduces the amount of solvent [water] )
2. Eating salt (NaCl) (which raises the solute concentration of the plasma) (the major plasma solute is Na+)

Hint 22

Pg. 212

Front 23

What structures are stimulated when there is increased plasma osmolarity and where are these structures located?

Back 23

Osmoreceptors
Located in the Hypothalamus

Hint 23

Pg. 212

Front 24

What is the result of osmoreceptors being stimulated?

Back 24

1. A sense of thirst is produced
2. The posterior pituitary is stimulated to secrete more ADH

These combined effects dilute the blood plasma and lowers its osmolarity back to normal range.

Hint 24

Pg. 212

Front 25

What hormone stimulates the renal reabsorption of NaCl and Water?

Back 25

Aldosterone
or
A corticosteroid hormone or Mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex

Hint 25

Pg. 212

Front 26

What happens if dietary intake of salt is inadequate?

Back 26

1. The plasma osmolarity decreases
2. Causing less stimulation of the osmoreceptors, and less secretion of ADH
3. Kidneys reabsorb less water and more water is excreted in the urine
4. Blood volume and blood pressure is lowered

Hint 26

Pg. 212

Front 27

What is the name of the group of cells that is stimulated when dietary intake of salt is inadequate and what do these cells release?

Back 27

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
An enzyme called Renin

Hint 27

Pg. 212

Front 28

What is the function of the enzyme secreted by the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

Back 28

It converts a protein in the blood called Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I.

Hint 28

Pg. 212

Front 29

True or False. Angiotensin I is an active molecule.

Back 29

False. Angiotensin I is inactive.

Hint 29

Pg. 212

Front 30

What is Angiotensin I changed by and what is it changed into?

Back 30

It is changed by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)
It is changed into Angiotensin II

Hint 30

Pg. 212

Front 31

What are the 2 major actions of the active angiotensin molecule?

Back 31

Angiotensin II:
Stimulates the Adrenal Cortex to secrete Aldosterone
Stimulates Vasoconstriction of arterioles

Hint 31

Pg. 212

Front 32

What is the relationship between Renin, Angiotensin, and Aldosterone known as?

Back 32

It is known as the “Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Hint 32

Pg. 213

Front 33

What is blood pressure directly proportional to and how is it measured?

Back 33

Blood pressure is directly proportional to the cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
Blood pressure is measured by listening for the sounds of Korotkoff

Hint 33

Pg. 213

Front 34

True or False. Skeletal muscle cells are the only cells that contain myoglobin.

Back 34

False. Myocardial cells also contain myoglobin.

Hint 34

Pg. 213

Front 35

What hormone causes coronary arterioles to constrict and which hormone causes coronary arterioles to dilate?

Back 35

Norepinephrine = Constriction
Epinephrine = Dilation

Hint 35

Pg. 213

Front 36

What is the effect of the increase in the heart’s metabolism and the local chemical changes in the myocardium that act on the vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation termed?

Back 36

This effect is termed Intrinsic Metabolic Vasodilation

Hint 36

Pg. 213

Front 37

What is the general effect of the intrinsic metabolic vasodilation of the heart?

Back 37

It reduces the resistance to flow, thereby increasing the blood flow through the heart.

Hint 37

Pg. 213

Front 38

What primarily regulates the blood flow through the heart during exercise?

Back 38

Intrinsic Metabolic Vasodilation

Hint 38

Pg. 214

Front 39

What happens to blood flow through the skin and the viscera (the digestive organs) during heavy exercise?

Back 39

It Decreases

Hint 39

Pg. 214

Front 40

What happens to blood flow through the skin when body temperature is high?

Back 40

Cutaneous Vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow through the skin

Hint 40

Pg. 214

Front 41

What happens to blood flow through the skin when body temperature falls?

Back 41

Cutaneous Vasoconstriction occurs to reduce blood flow through the skin

Hint 41

Pg. 214

Front 42

What is the name of the mechanism that maintains the relatively constancy of blood flow to the brain?

Back 42

Intrinsic Myogenic Regulation

Hint 42

Pg. 215

Front 43

What is the term that describes the blood flow to active brain regions experience?

Back 43

Hyperemia (Increased Blood Flow)

Hint 43

Pg. 215

Front 44

What maintains the homeostasis of the body’s blood pressure?

Back 44

The Baroreceptor Reflex

Hint 44

Pg. 215

Front 45

What do Korotkoff sounds measure?

Back 45

Systolic and Diastolic Pressures

Hint 45

Pg. 216

Front 46

What is the difference between the Systolic and Diastolic pressures called?

Back 46

Pulse Pressure

Hint 46

Pg. 216

Front 47

What is the term used for when “the first Korotkoff sound” is heard?

Back 47

Systolic Pressure

Hint 47

Pg. 217

Front 48

What is the term used when “the last sound of Korotkoff sound” ceases?

Back 48

Diastolic Pressure

Hint 48

Pg. 217

Front 49

What is the normal blood pressure of an average healthy adult?

Back 49

120/80 mmHg

Hint 49

Pg. 217

Front 50

What is the name of blood pressure higher than the normal range termed?

Back 50

Hypertension

Hint 50

Pg. 217

Front 51

What is the term used to identify the specific form of hypertension that approximately 95% of people with hypertension have?

Back 51

Essential Hypertension

Hint 51

Pg. 217

Front 52

What can “Essential Hypertension” increase?

Back 52

It can increase the risk of atherosclerosis and therefore cardiovascular disease

Hint 52

Pg. 217