Biol2420 - Blood And Circulation #2: The Heart

Front 1

What heart chamber pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation?

Back 1

The Right Ventricle

Hint 1

Pg. 192

Front 2

What heart chamber pumps blood into the systemic circulation?

Back 2

The Left Ventricle

Hint 2

Pg. 192

Front 3

What produces the sounds of the heart?

Back 3

The closing of the AV and Semilunar valves.

Hint 3

Pg. 192

Front 4

What are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?

Back 4

Arteries

Hint 4

Pg. 192

Front 5

What are the blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart called?

Back 5

Veins

Hint 5

Pg. 192

Front 6

What are the chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins called?

Back 6

Atria

Hint 6

Pg. 192

Front 7

What is the name of the structure that separates the “right pump” from the “left pump” of the heart?

Back 7

The Septum

Hint 7

Pg. 192

Front 8

What is the general name of the valves that separate the two atria from the two ventricles?

Back 8

The Atrioventricular Valves

Hint 8

Pg. 192

Front 9

What is the name of the AV valve that separates the structure that receives blood from the systemic circuit and the structure that pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit?

Back 9

The Tricuspid Valve
or
Right AV valve

Hint 9

Pg. 192

Front 10

What is the name of the AV valve that separates the structure that receives blood from the pulmonary circuit and the structure that pumps blood into the systemic circuit?

Back 10

The Bicuspid Valve
or
Left AV valve
or
Mitral Valve

Hint 10

Pg. 192

Front 11

What is the name of the structure that supports the structure that separates the two atria and two ventricles?

Back 11

Chordae Tendineae

Hint 11

Pg. 192

Front 12

What is the name of the structures that separate the ventricles from the arterial system?

Back 12

Semilunar Valves

Hint 12

Pg. 193

Front 13

What is the name of the structure that separates the structure that pumps deoxygenated blood into its respective circuit?

Back 13

The Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Hint 13

Pg. 193

Front 14

What is the name of the structure that separates the structure that pumps oxygenated blood into it respective circuit?

Back 14

The Aortic Semilunar Valve

Hint 14

Pg. 193

Front 15

What structure does the right atrium pump blood into?

Back 15

It pumps blood into the Pulmonary Trunk

Hint 15

Pg. 193

Front 16

What does the pulmonary trunk divide into?

Back 16

It divides into the Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries

Hint 16

Pg. 193

Front 17

How does oxygenated blood leave the lungs?

Back 17

It leaves the lungs in 4 Pulmonary Veins and returns to the Left Atrium

Hint 17

Pg. 193

Front 18

What is the path of the Pulmonary Circuit?

Back 18

The Right Ventricle -> The Lungs -> The Left Artrium

Hint 18

Pg. 193

Front 19

What is the name of the structure that the left ventricle pumps blood into?

Back 19

The Aorta

Hint 19

Pg. 193

Front 20

What is the name of the vessels that bring blood to the myocardium?

Back 20

Coronary Arteries

Hint 20

Pg. 193

Front 21

What is the name of the vessels that bring blood away from the myocardium?

Back 21

Cardiac Veins

Hint 21

Pg. 193

Front 22

What can blockage of one or more of the myocardial arteries and their branches called?

Back 22

An Infarction

Hint 22

Pg. 193

Front 23

What is the area of dead tissue that result from a blockage of the myocardial arteries and their branches called?

Back 23

An Infarct

Hint 23

Pg. 193

Front 24

What is the name of the procedure that can be used to restore blood flow to an infracted area?

Back 24

A Coronary Bypass

Hint 24

Pg. 193

Front 25

What is the name of the 2 large veins that return blood to the right atrium?

Back 25

The Superior Vena Cava
and
The Inferior Vena Cava

Hint 25

Pg. 193

Front 26

What is the path of the Systemic Circulation?

Back 26

The Left Ventricle -> to all body systems -> The Right Atrium

Hint 26

Pg. 193

Front 27

What is the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart’s chambers called?

Back 27

The Cardiac Cycle

Hint 27

Pg. 194

Front 28

In the cardiac cycle, what is the contraction phase called?

Back 28

Systole

Hint 28

Pg. 194

Front 29

In the cardiac cycle what is the relaxation phase called?

Back 29

Diastole

Hint 29

Pg. 194

Front 30

What is the contraction of the atria adding to the total volume of blood that will be in the ventricles upon the termination of their diastole called?

Back 30

End-Diastolic Volume

Hint 30

Pg. 194

Front 31

What is the amount of blood ejected by the contraction of the ventricles called?

Back 31

Stroke Volume

Hint 31

Pg. 194

Front 32

What is the name of the event when the ventricles begin contracting at systole, the pressure within them rises sharply, becoming greater than the pressure in the atria and snapping the AV valves shut?

Back 32

Isovolumetric Contraction

Hint 32

Pg. 195

Front 33

What is the name of the event when the pressure in the ventricles becomes greater than the pressure in the arteries and the semilunar valves open?

Back 33

Ejection

Hint 33

Pg. 195

Front 34

What is the name of the event when the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the arteries and the pressure difference causes the semilunar valves to snap shut thus preventing backflow?

Back 34

Isovolumetric Relaxation

Hint 34

Pg. 195

Front 35

What is the name of the event w hen the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the atria and the AV valves open?

Back 35

Rapid Filling

Hint 35

Pg. 195

Front 36

What is the name of the event that empties the final amount of blood into the ventricles to complete the end-diastolic volume, just before the next ventricular contraction (systole)?

Back 36

Atrial Contraction

Hint 36

Pg. 195

Front 37

What does the first heart sound (the soft “lub” sound) correspond to?

Back 37

It is produced by closing of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.

Hint 37

Pg. 195

Front 38

What does the second heart sound (the louder “dup” sound) correspond to?

Back 38

It is produced by closing of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

Hint 38

Pg. 195

Front 39

What is the normal pacemaker region of the heart called and what are the generation of the action potentials due to?

Back 39

The SA node
Action potentials are due to an automatic depolarization

Hint 39

Pg. 196

Front 40

What does depolarization of the heart produce?

Back 40

Contraction
or
Systole

Hint 40

Pg. 196

Front 41

What does repolarization of the heart produce?

Back 41

Relaxation
or
Diastole

Hint 41

Pg. 196

Front 42

Where is the Sinoatrial node located?

Back 42

It is located in the roof of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava.

Hint 42

Pg. 196

Front 43

What can the automatic depolarization of the SA node occurring during diastole be called?

Back 43

Pacemaker Potential

Hint 43

Pg. 196

Front 44

What specific system increases the cardiac rate?

Back 44

The Sympathoadrenal System

Hint 44

Pg. 197

Front 45

How does the sympathoadrenal system increase the cardiac rate?

Back 45

Through the action of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Hint 45

Pg. 197

Front 46

What nerves can decrease the cardiac rate?

Back 46

Parasympathetic nerves

Hint 46

Pg. 197

Front 47

What substance produces a decrease in the cardiac rate?

Back 47

Acetylcholine

Hint 47

Pg. 197

Front 48

When does the myocardial action potential begin?

Back 48

It begins with the opening of voltage-gated Na+

Hint 48

Pg. 197

Front 49

True or False. Myocardial action potential has a very long plateau phase.

Back 49

True

Hint 49

Pg. 197

Front 50

What does the important cardiac drug digitalis do?

Back 50

It indirectly acts to raise the intracellular concentration of Ca 2+

Hint 50

Pg. 197

Front 51

What is the condition called when for various reasons the heart can’t pump enough blood to the body’s organs?

Back 51

Congestive Heart Failure

Hint 51

Pg. 198

Front 52

What is the machine that monitors the heart’s electrical activity called?

Back 52

An Electrocardiograph

Hint 52

Pg. 198

Front 53

What is the printed recording of the machine that monitors the heart’s electrical activity called?

Back 53

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Hint 53

Pg. 198

Front 54

What portion of an EKG refers to when the SA node in the right atrium becomes depolarized and the action potential spreads immediately through both atria?

Back 54

The “P Wave”

Hint 54

Pg. 198

Front 55

What portion of an EKG refers to when the conducting tissue the (AV node, bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers) carries action potentials into the ventricles?

Back 55

The “QRS Complex”

Hint 55

Pg. 198

Front 56

Why can’t repolarization of the atria be seen in an ECG pattern?

Back 56

Because atrial repolariztions are covered up by the QRS complex

Hint 56

Pg. 198

Front 57

What portion of an EKG refers to the repolarization of the ventricles?

Back 57

The “T Wave”

Hint 57

Pg. 198

Front 58

The _______ wave occurs when the atria depolarize and contract.

Back 58

The “P Wave”

Hint 58

Pg. 198

Front 59

The depolarization of the ventricles produces the ______.

Back 59

The “QRS Complex”

Hint 59

Pg. 198

Front 60

The repolarization of the ventricles produces the ______ wave.

Back 60

The “T Wave”

Hint 60

Pg. 199

Front 61

What is the term that refers to a cardiac rate slower than 60 beats per minute?

Back 61

Bradycardia

Hint 61

Pg. 199

Front 62

What is the term that refers to a resting cardiac rate faster than 100 beats per minute?

Back 62

Tachycardia

Hint 62

Pg. 199

Front 63

What term is used to describe when heart contractions coordinated but extremely rapid (200-300 beats per minute)?

Back 63

Flutter

Hint 63

Pg. 199

Front 64

What term is used to describe when different myocardial cells produce action potentials and contract at different times?

Back 64

Fibrillation

Hint 64

Pg. 199

Front 65

How can fibrillation be stopped?

Back 65

It can be stopped by Electrical Defibrillation

Hint 65

Pg. 199

Front 66

The __________ is the volume of blood pumped per minute by a ventricle.

Back 66

The Cardiac Output

Hint 66

Pg. 199

Front 67

How is cardiac output regulated?

Back 67

It is regulated by adjustments in the cardiac rate and stroke volume.

Hint 67

Pg. 199

Front 68

The ________ depends on the end-diastolic volume and on the contraction strength of the ventricle.

Back 68

The Stroke Volume

Hint 68

Pg. 199

Front 69

What does contraction strength depend on?

Back 69

It depends on the End-Diastolic Volume
or
The contraction of the atria adds to the total volume of blood that will be in the ventricles at the end of their diastole.

Hint 69

Pg. 199 and 194

Front 70

What is equal to the stroke volume multiplied by the cardiac rate and what does it measure?

Back 70

Cardiac Output
It measures the pumping ability of a ventricle

Hint 70

Pg. 199

Front 71

What structure transports blood from the ventricles?

Back 71

The Aterial Tree

Hint 71

Pg. 200

Front 72

What is the pathway of blood when it is ejected from the ventricles?

Back 72

Elastic Arteries -> Muscular Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries

Hint 72

Pg. 200

Front 73

What is the pathway of blood when it leaves the capillaries?

Back 73

Capillaries -> Venules -> Small Veins -> Larger Veins -> Venae Cavas

Hint 73

Pg. 200

Front 74

What is the 3 tissue layers of Arteries and Veins composed of?

Back 74

Tunica Externa = composed of connective tissue
Tunica Meida = composed of smooth muscle
Tunica interna = inner endothelial lining which is a simple squamous epithelium

Hint 74

Pg. 200

Front 75

Which layer is thicker in an artery than in a vein of similar size?

Back 75

The Tunica Media
or
An artery has a much thicker smooth muscle than does a vein of similar size

Hint 75

Pg. 200

Front 76

What is it called when the aterial wall is weakened or damaged and then bulges out?

Back 76

An Aneurysm

Hint 76

Pg. 200-201

Front 77

True or False. Smaller arteries have greater resistance to blood flow.

Back 77

True

Hint 77

Pg. 201

Front 78

How can blood flow into a particular capillary bed be diverted?

Back 78

Through an Arterovenous Shunt

Hint 78

Pg. 201

Front 79

What can cut off blood flow to into a particular capillary bed?

Back 79

Precapillary Sphincters

Hint 79

Pg. 201

Front 80

What are capillaries called in which the adjacent endothelia cells are closely joined together?

Back 80

Conitinuous Capillaries

Hint 80

Pg. 201

Front 81

What are capillaries called in which there are wide distances between endothelial cells and where are they found?

Back 81

Discontinuous Capillaries
or
They are found in the Liver, Bone Marrow and Spleen

Hint 81

Pg. 201

Front 82

What does end-diastolic volume depend on?

Back 82

It depends on the venous return

Hint 82

Pg. 202

Front 83

True or False. One way valves are present in all veins.

Back 83

False. One way valves are not present in the great veins (venae cavae)

Hint 83

Pg. 202

Front 84

Besides the skeletal muscle pump what other structure also aids venous return?

Back 84

It is aided by contraction of the diaphragm during breathing

Hint 84

Pg. 203

Front 85

What are the sensors for arterial blood pressure called and where are they located?

Back 85

The are called Baroreceptors
They are located in the Aortic Arch and Carotid Sinuses

Hint 85

Pg. 203

Front 86

Where do the baroreceptors relay their information?

Back 86

To the Cardiac Control Center and Vasomotor Center in the Medulla Oblongata

Hint 86

Pg. 203

Front 87

What symptoms would a person who has a fall in blood pressure display?

Back 87

Rapid Pulse, due to increased cardiac rate
and
Cold, Clammy Skin, due to cutaneous vasoconstriction

Hint 87

Pg. 203