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68 Cards in this Set

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What is another name for Red Blood Cells?
Erythrocytes
or
RBCs
Pg. 182
What is another name for White Blood Cells?
Leukocytes
or
WBCs
Pg. 182
What is another name for Platelets?
Thrombocytes
Pg. 182
What is the name of the liquid portion of blood and what does it contain?
Plasma
It contains proteins, dissolved organic molecules and many ions.
Pg. 182
What do the formed elements of blood include?
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Pg. 182
What is term for the production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets?
Hematopoiesis
Pg. 182
Where is the active hematopoietic tissue found in adults?
1. Skull
2. Ribs
3. Vertebrae (spine)
4. Upper ends of long bones in arm and legs
5. Pelvis
Pg. 182
What is the function of the bloods ability to clot a function of?
It relates to the function of platelets and of clotting factors in the blood plasma.
Pg. 182
What is the measurement of the proportion of red blood cells to total volume of blood of given blood sample called?
Hematocrit
or
Packed Red Cell Volume
Pg. 182
What is a normal Hematocrit measurement?
45%
Pg. 182
A Hematocrit will __________ if there are more red blood cells or if there is a _________ in the volume of plasma.
Increase
Decrease
Pg. 182
What is the name of the layer of white blood cells called and where does it form in reference to the column of packed red blood cells?
Buffy Coat
On the top of the column of packed red blood cells
Pg. 183
What is the name of the liquid portion from clotted blood called?
Serum
Pg. 183
What substance makes up the majority of plasma?
Water approximately 91%
9% = dissolved ions and organic molecules, such as proteins, glucose, and urea.
Pg. 183
What substance accounts for most of the plasma proteins and where is it made?
Albumin (60-80%)
It is made in the liver
Pg. 183
What plasma protein (s) in clued carrier proteins that transport nonpolar molecules and non polar hormones?
Alpha Globulins
and
Beta Globulins
Pg. 183
What plasma protein include antibody proteins produced and secreted by lymphocytes?
Gamma Globulins
or
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Pg. 183
What is the name of the process that can separate plasma proteins?
Plasma Protein Electrophoresis
Pg. 183
What kind of charge do plasma proteins have?
Negative charge
Pg. 183
What properties of plasma proteins dictate how the will migrate through the mesh of the plastic in Plasma Protein Electrophoresis?
The Strength of their negative charge
and
Their Size
Pg. 183
Which plasma protein would migrate the farthest in Plasma Protein Electrophoresis, Albumin or Gamma Globulins?
Albumin
Pg. 183
What do RBCs lack and how does this affect the life span of these cells?
RBCs lack Nuclei and Mitochondria
As a result they have a life span of about 120 days in the blood
Pg. 183
Where are some of the places that phagocytic cells are located that remove older RBCs?
1. The Spleen
2. The Bone Marrow
3. The Liver
Pg. 183
What is the name of the red iron-containing pigment in RBCs?
Hemoglobin
Pg. 183
How many hemoglobin molecules does each RBC contain approximately?
280 million
Pg. 183
What is the name of the condition that refers to an abnormally low Erythrocyte count and or Hemoglobin concentration and Hematocrit?
Anemia
Pg. 184
What is the production of RBCs called and where does it occur?
Erythropoiesis

It occurs in the Bone Marrow or Myeloid Tissue
Pg. 184
Approximately how many RBCs does the Myeloid Tissue produce each day?
200 Billion
Pg. 184
What is the name of the hormone that simulates the production of RBCs by the myeloid tissue and what structure secretes this hormone?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
It is secreted by the kidneys
Pg. 184
What is the secretion of the hormone EPO stimulated by?
It is stimulated by a fall in the blood oxygen concentration
Pg. 184
What are some reasons that could result in low blood oxygen?
1. High Altitude
2. Lung Disease
3. Anemia
Pg. 184
What is the term given to define any method of increasing the normal supply of RBCs for the purpose of delivering oxygen more efficiently?
Blood Doping
Pg. 184
What is the general function of Leuckocytes?
They function in immunity
Pg. 184
What are the names of the 2 groups of WBCs?
Granular Leukocytes
Nongranular Leukocytes or Agranular Leukocytes
Pg. 184
What is the name of the most common type of WBC and what division of Leukocyte is it?
Neutrophils
or
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
or
PMNs

Neutrophils = Granular Leukocytes
Pg. 184
_______ are phagocytic cells which can leave the blood and enter the connective tissues, however they do not undergo a transformation.
Neutrophils
Pg. 184
What is “Pus” usually an accumulation of?
It is usually an accumulation of living and dead neutrophils, necrotic tissue and microbes.
Pg. 184
What type of Granular Leukocyte contains histamine and other chemicals that are important in inflammation?
Eosinophils
Pg. 184
What is the name of the rarest type of WBC, what does it contain and what division of Leukocyte is it?
Basophils

They contain Heparin

Basophils = Granular Leukocytes
Pg. 184
What is the second most common type of WBC and what division of Leukocyte is it?
Lymphocytes
or
A type of WBC that secretes Gamma Globulins

Lymphocytes = Nongranular Leukocytes
Pg. 183-184
What type of immunity are Lymphocytes involved in?
They are involved with specific immunity
or
Immune attacks directed at specific molecules known as Antigens
Pg. 184
_________ are phagocytic cells which can enter the connective tissues, however once this occurs they under go a transformation.
Monocytes
Pg. 185
What are monocytes called once the enter the connective tissues?
They are called Macrophages
Pg. 185
What produces all of the WBCs?
The Myeloid tissue of the bone marrow
Pg. 185
What is the name of the protein that regulates each type of Leukcocyte?
Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF)
Pg. 185
What other type of tissue besides myeloid tissue can produce the second most common type of leuckocyte and where is this tissue found?
Lymphoid Tissue

Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Pg. 185
What is Lymphoid tissue derived from?
It is derived from cells that had seeded the lymphoid tissue from the bone marrow in the past.
Pg. 185
What type of condition is often associated with a significantly increased buffy coat when a hematocrit is performed?
Leukemia
Pg. 185
What are Platelets actually a fragment of?
They are fragments of cells called Megakaryocytes
Pg. 185
What is the average platelet count per cubic millimeter of blood?
130,000 – 400,000
Pg. 185
How long do platelets survive in the blood before being destroyed by the spleen and liver?
About 5 – 9 days
Pg. 185
Someone with blood type A, has want type of RBC antigens?
Antigen A
Pg. 185
What blood type will a person have if they have no antigens on their RBCs?
Type O
Pg. 185
What blood type will a person have if they have both types of antigens on their RBCs?
Type AB
Pg. 185
A person with what blood type will have no type A or B antibodies?
Type AB
Pg. 186
A person with what blood type will have antibodies for both A and B?
Type O
Pg. 186
A person with what blood type will have antibodies against type B?
Type A
Pg. 186
A person with what blood type will have antibodies against type A?
Type B
Pg. 186
What are would someone who receives transfusions of an incompatible Blood cells exhibit?
1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Kidney Failure
4. Shock
5. A Sense of Impending Doom
6. Death
Pg. 186
What is the process of determining the antigens on unknown RBCs known as?
Forward Blood Typing
Pg. 186
What is the process of determining the antibodies in unknown plasma with known RBCs known as?
Reverse Blood Typing
Pg. 186
Which blood type is the universal donor?
Type O
Pg. 186
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
Type AB
Pg. 186
What percent of the U.S. population is Rh positive?
85% = Rh positive
15% = Rh negative
Pg. 187
True or False. There are no naturally occurring antibodies present in the Rh blood group system.
True
Pg. 187
What substance will increase if Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the unborn child’s RBCs and what can this lead to?
This would lead to a dramatic increase in a toxic yellow breakdown product of hemoglobin called Bilirubin.

Excess bilirubin can lead to Jaundice and Kernicterus
Pg. 187
What can mild cases of jaundice be treated by?
Mild cases can be treated with broad spectrum light (phototherapy)
Pg. 187
How are more serious cases of jaundice treated?
More serious cases can be treated by giving the baby an Exchange Blood transfusion to temporarily change its blood type.
Pg. 187