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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the best ways to get a respiratory infection? |
Respiratory secretions/droplets |
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How do you get a respiratory infection? (2) |
1. Droplets 2. Direct contact: hands, objects |
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How do normal flora protect us from infection? (2) |
They physically crowd/occupy space so that infection can't "take a seat" & make compounds that deter infections |
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When do you normally get sick? (Colds, illness etc) |
During stress and rundown - immunosuppressed / compromised defences |
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What does the larynx represent? |
The division between the upper respiratory tract + the lower respiratory tract. The upper portion is riddled with bugs, the lower portion is not. |
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As the bronchi descends and splits, what is it called? |
The tracheobronchial tree |
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What is the response when something foreign/debris enters the tracheobronchial tree? (3) |
inflammation mucos production cilia beat it upward |
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What cells dominate in the mucociliary escalator? |
Goblet cells for mucous production |
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What type of epithelium is in the mucociliary escalator? |
Ciliated epithelium beating 1000 times per minute |
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What functions affect the mucociliary escalator? (4) |
1. Viral infection (can lead to too much mucous production/slow stairs) 2. Tobacco smoke (paralyses cilia, & irritates/causes more mucous) 4. Alcohol (cilia are depressed) 3. Narcotics (anaesthetics, pain relief): slow or paralyse cilia |
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What are the types of respiratory infections categories? (4) |
1. Upper (above the larynx) 2. Lower (below the larynx) 3. Primary (initial infection) 4 Secondary (infection caused by initial viral infection doing damage to cilia escalator/other defences/making you more vunlerable) |
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What are examples of upper respiratory infections? (3) |
Cold, sore throat, sinusitis |
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What are examples of lower respiratory infections? (3) |
Pneumonia, bronchitis, TB |
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What are the causes of respiratory infections? (3) |
1. Viruses 2. Bacteria (exogenous - outside, endogenous - inside) 3. Fungal (only if really immunocompromised e.g AIDS) |
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What is an example of both an upper and lower respiratory infection? |
The flu. It is a systemic infection and can tackle both areas. |
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What are the sources/reservoirs of respiratory infection, for both upper and lower? (for MOST infections, not TB for example) |
Upper: other peoples upper respiratory infections / viral Lower: often out own flora |
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What are (2) other great ways to get a respiratory infection? |
1. Immobility (lying horizontally, not moving, not able to cough, escalator mechanics don't work as well: bugs get in) 2. Anything that bypasses the mucous escalator e.g bacteria on an intubation tube |
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Describe the anatomy of the alveoli in the lung in terms of unequal perfusion. (3) |
1. Alveoli decrease in size from apex to base 2. Big alveoli at top have less vasculature/less exchange 3. Little ones at the bottom are more numerous, more blood flow, more exchange, more important |
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What can further alter perfusion levels in the lung? (2) |
1. Exercise: uses more of the lung 2. Position: horizontal uses less of the lung |
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What is meant by ventilation-perfusion ratios? |
Pulmonary blood flow needs to match the adequate air in alveoli (e.g the more air going to an alveoli, the more blood will circulate to it). Blood only goes to active alveoli. |
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What are the three zones of perfusion? |
Zone 1: Minimal (work) - apex of lung Zone 2: intermittent (work) - middle of lung Zone 3: Continuous (work) - bottom of lung |
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What is the diffusion of gas (o2) rate influenced by? (3) |
1. Area available (more = more diffusion e.g. bottom of lung = more alveoli) 2. Relative partial pressures of gas (bigger the pressure gradient = better diffusion) 3. Thickness (& integrity) of membrane |
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How fast do gases move across a alveolar-capillary membrane? How long do red cells "hand around" for? |
0.25 seconds 0.75 seconds |
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What does the speed of RBCs and the speed of gas diffusion mean? |
there is 0.5 second leeway, so a mild disease is accounted for/okay |
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What makes RBCs travel faster past the alveoli? What does this mean? |
Exercise - making more co2, needing more 02, blood needs to work faster. This means that anything that slows gas diffusion (infection) inhibits the oxygenation of blood/lessens performance. |
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What happens to the lungs/process of the elderly? |
1. Reduces blood vessels, lung capacity (stiffer muscles) + expansion = decreased 02 in blood, less leeway for reduces oxygen exchange |
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What are the lungs like in a neonate? What does this mean. |
Thick alveolar membrane = faster/harder breathing = harder to get 02 = less reserved of energy = more likely to die from respiratory infection. |
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What happens when there is inflammation in the lung? 3 |
1. Alveolar fill with exudate (making exchange harder/through more fluid = blood leaves with more co2 and less o2) 2. Inflammatory cells invade and crowd 3. Decreased perfusion ability |
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What happen when co2 goes up? |
more acidic blood, acidosis |
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What is treatment like for upper respiratory infections? (4) |
Mostly symptomatic AKA fever: antipyretic pain: analgesics cough: cough suppressants/expectorants oxygen: if a bit low |
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What are supportive treatments for respiratory infections? (3) |
1. Adequate nutrition (cells need more raw materials to fight, carbs to fight) 2. Fluids (working harder = need more fluid, loosens mucous) 3. Hygiene (not reinfecting) |
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When do you give antibiotics? |
Bacterial. NOT viral. |
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1. What are upper RTIs usually? 2. What is the exception here? |
1. Self-limiting (e.g. you're sick for a few days but you do recover) = cold. 2. (Except acture epiglottitis) if it gets swollen, it closes off the trachea. Needs medical treatment. A child can die. |
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What are the more serious RIs? |
Lower. e.g.: Pneumonia (old persons friend): hip fractures (almost 1/2 will die within a year after this). Tiny people: no physiological reserves. Give up quicker. |
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What are examples of secondary LRT (or systemic) infections? (3) |
Pneumonia Sepsis Meningitis (middle ear or chest) |
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What happens in pertussis? (2) |
Whooping cough: 1. 1 in 20 babies die = don't have physiological reserves to keep breathing. V tired. 2. Coma/brain damage |
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How do you prevent respiratory infection? (4) |
1. Avoidance 2. Immunisation (pertussis, flu) 3. Hygiene 4. Good immunity (nutrition, not smoking) |
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What is the real name for the TB bacteria? |
Myobacterium tuberculosis (old name: consumption) - an infectious disease |
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How does TB infection someone? |
Only one bit of bacteria is needed. |
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Describe "latency" in TB. (4) |
1. Bacteria enters 2. Immune response is to "lock away" the bacterium in a granuloma 3. Kept in control by T-cells 4. Is not infectious in this state |
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When is TB "active" ? (2) |
1. The T cells (jailers) are ineffective/no longer patrol/immunosuppressed/AIDs 2. TB bacteria is released and you have symptoms (cough) and are infectious |
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What is the relationship between RTIs and asthma? 2 |
1. viral respiratory tract infections are associated with asthma exacerbations... ....especially those caused by human rhinoviruses (colds) 2. Asthmatics are more likely to catch common URTIs |
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How long does TB take to divide? |
6 weeks. Means treatment needs to be very long and multi-drugged to avoid resistance. |
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What are the physical consequences of TB? (2) |
Weight loss (wasting) Death |
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What is wheezing during rhinovirus in childhood an indicator of? |
Major risk of being diagnosed as asthmatic by the time they're 6 |
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What are people with asthma more likely to damage, and what does this mean? |
- more likely to have impaired integrity of the airway epithelia and/or impaired anti-viral defences - means more likely to have severe viral respiratoryinfections of the lower airway – at increased risk of exacerbation |
