Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Who was the first to describe bacteria? |
Antoni van Leeunhoek |
|
|
What are some properties of all cells? |
Growth- use chemicals from the environment to double Evolution- can evolve to survive |
|
|
Why is high surface area important? |
Small cells grow faster, more likely to mutate and evolve. |
|
|
What are the involved in the structure of Eukaryotic cells? |
Membrane bound nucleus Cell wall Ribososmes Chlorplasts (plant and alge) Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
What do bacterial cells compose of? |
Ribososmes Nueoid Capsule/slime layer Flagellum S-layer Cytoplasmic membrane Cell wall |
|
|
What is the function of a bacterial cell wall |
To protect the cell from lysing Acts as a permeable barrier, to allow selecrive uptake of nutrient |
|
|
Why is active transport important? |
Allows high concentraction of nutrients to be picked up in lower solutions |
|
|
What types of bacteria shapes are there |
Coccus Rod Filamentous Vibrio Spirochete |
|
|
What clusters are there? |
Clump of cocci Sterptococci Diplococci |
|
|
What is gram positive |
Stain purple, they have a thick wall of peptidoglycan |
|
|
What is gram negative |
Stain pink, have a thin layer of peptidoglycan between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane |
|
|
What is the capsule made from? And what does it do? |
Polysaccharides it defends the cell from the host defences and harsh enviroments. |
|
|
What are fimbriae and pili |
Short and thin hair loke appendages |
|
|
What types of flagella are there? |
Polar flagellum- flagellum at end of cell Monotrichous- 1 Amphitrichous- 1 at each end Lophotrichous- cluster at one or both ends Peritichous- all over |
|
|
What does bacterial cytoplasm contain? |
Ribososmes Proteins Rna |
|
|
What are plasmids? |
Plasmids are usually small closed circles of dna, they are not required for growth or replication and replicate independently from chromosomes Help drug resistances |
|
|
What are cell inclusions |
They can aid the bacterials survival |
|
|
What do bacteria need for growth? And why? |
Nutrients so they are able to synthesis cell materials |
|
|
What is a culture media? Give examples |
This is a nutrient solutions that provides all the elements that are needed for growth. It can be a complex media where the exact chemical compertion isnt known or a chemcallu defined media where it is known |
|
|
What is the process of aseptic technique? |
Flame the loop Remove cap Flame top of tube Dip the sterilosed loop into soluton Reflame tube Cap on tube Flame loop |
|
|
What does growth mean?? |
Is the increase in cell numbers |
|
|
What is binary fission? |
How cells divide into two new cells |
|
|
How are bacteria cells measured? |
Log10^x |
|
|
How is bacteria grown in labs? |
In sterilized plastic flasks Testtubes Agar |
|
|
What are the phases of cell growth? In detail? |
Lag phase- cells alter to new environment Exponential phase- cells double in time and growth rate is maximised Stationary phase- no nutrients left bacteria cant reproduce Death phase- they die |
|
|
How can we measure bacteria growth? |
Looking at the transparency of a soultion Direct microscope count Counting colonys Using a spectrophotometer |
|
|
What types of antimicrobial agents are there? |
Bacteriostatic Bacteriocidal Bacteriolytic |
|
|
What are the different types of metabolic classficiations |
Heterotrophs- require organic molecules Autotrophs- co2 is principle spurce of carbon Phototrophs- use light Chemotrophs- oxidise compounds |
|
|
What are psychrophils, mesophiles, thermophiles and hyperthemophiles |
P- grow 15oc and under M- body bacteria T- hot springs 45 to 80 H- above 80 |
|
|
True or false most bacteria cause harm |
False |
|
|
What is a host? |
Is an organism which supports the growth of a pathogenic organism |
|
|
What is a pathogen? |
An organism which causes disease |
|
|
What is an infection? |
An infection is when bacteria persist within a host but dont cause tissue damage |
|
|
What is a disease? |
When damage done to the hoat causes body parts to be unable to carry out normal functions |
|
|
What are opportunistic pathogen |
Pathogens which cause disease when the imune system is low |
|
|
What are primary pathogen |
Cause desease regardless of immunity |
|
|
What are the steps involved with a infectious diseases? |
Reservoir Transport to host Adherence and colonisation Invation of tissutissue damage |
|
|
What are reservoirs |
Hold the pathogen till it can enter host Such as humans and animals |
|
|
How are they transfered to host |
Direct host to host eg sex Indirect host to host eg animal tl human |
|
|
What is colonisation |
This is the establishment of a stable population within a host |
|
|
What is adherence |
This is the process where they adhere to a host |
|
|
What are the humans natural barriers? |
Ph Flushing of unrinary tract Mucus Lysozymes Skin |
|
|
True or false Can bacteria penetract through cells? |
True some can |
|
|
What do eukaryotes have? |
Nucleus Ribososmes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Chloroplasts |
|
|
What are cilliates |
Use cillia to move Cillia to to feed Movement and feeding |
|
|
How do protists obtain food? |
Ingestive feeding cillia move food via currents Absorptive feeding Photosynthesis |
|
|
How do protists move? |
Amoeboid Cilia Flagella None |
|
|
What are some key features of amoebae? |
All are aerobic All are geterotophic Asexual reproduction Unicellular |
|
|
What are fungi? |
This are very diverse, unicellular which have many shapes function |
|
|
What are key characteristics fungi? |
Reproduction sexual and asexually Heterotrophs Have a chitin amd polysaccharide cellwall Eukaryotic |
|
|
What types are there (get there nutrients) |
Saprophytes- dead remains Necrophytes- kill organisms to get nutrients Biotrophs- live of living hosts |
|
|
Fungi are plants true or false |
False |
|
|
What are yeast? |
Single cellular Oval or spherical Asexually |
|
|
What is filamentous fungi? |
These are multicellular fungi which includes the vast majority of fungi They are long thread like Which reproduce by spores |
|
|
What are the stages of asexual reproduction? |
The production of sporangium Spores are released Spores germinate Mycelium grow Tips form of hyphae |
|
|
In viruses where is the nucleic acid found |
Nucleocapsid |
|
|
In viruses where is the outer membrane derived from? |
Host and virus |
|
|
What is the protejn coat called on a virus |
Capsid |
|
|
What is the name for virhses which infect bacteria? |
Bacteriophages |
|
|
How is the viruses outer membrane described as? |
Enveloped |
|
|
What is a retrovirus? |
This is a cirus whose rna genome has a DNA intermediate as part of its replication cycle |
|
|
How can the virus genomes be described |
Double rna Double dna Single rna Single dna |
|
|
What are helical viruses made up from |
Proteins and nucleric acid |
