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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme that helps catalyze in the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand
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RNA polymerase
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an enzyme that produces RNA
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nucleolus
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a non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed and assembled within the nucleolus
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rRNA
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the RNA component of the ribosome, the organelle that is the site of protein synthesis in all living cells. Ribosomal RNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and interacts with tRNAs during translation
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what is the Ribosome made of
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protein and rRNA
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where does DNA replication and DNA Transcription take place
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Nucleus of Eukaryotic cells
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where does translation take place
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cytoplasm
mRNA into Protein using Ribosome and tRNA |
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Explain Chromosomal packing
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8 histine proteins coil DNA into Nucleosomes
Nucleosome are packed to form chromosomes |
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how many human genes
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25000
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how many base pairs
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6*10^9
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how many chromosomes
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46
23 pairs |
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shipping and receiving center
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golgi apparatus
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secretory pathway
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ER and Golgi
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SRP
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Signal Recognition Particle
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where is polypeptide extruded into the ER
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translocation complex
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plastid facts
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major organelle
double membrane own DNA and protein synthesis endosymbiosis inside called stroma most proteins are made in cytoplasm from nuclear genes eg chloroplast |
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evidence for symbiosis
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double membrane
DNA resemble bacteria own DNA - circular divide like bacteria biochemistry resembles bacteria |
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where does post translation modification occur
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ER
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flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi apparatus
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Cisternae
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receiving side of Golgi
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cis
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`what gives Golgi its directional movement
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polarity
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where are carbs manufactured in animals
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Golgi
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gram negative
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peptidoglycan
2 lipid bilayer cell wall is peptiglycana and outer membrane |
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how does the antibiotic penecillin work
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blocks the formation of bacterial cell walls by preventing peptide cross links
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common theme of ECM
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long rigid fibres
amorphouse water-soluble gel |
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two components of animal ECM
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Glycoprotein= rigid fibres
Proteoglycan= amorphouse gel |
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Three glycoproteins
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Collagen
Elastin Fibronectin |
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two Proteoglycans
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Chondritin
Hyaluronate |
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structure of collegan
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triple helical
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role of fibronectin
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binds collagen and proteoglycans to each other, and to integrins
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ER and golgi role in protein and carbs for ECM
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made in ER
processed in Golgi delivered by exocytosis |
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main carb in proteoglycan
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GAG
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protoplast
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cell-wall-free plant cells
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aMF constituents and motor protein
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actin micro filaments
G actin = Glubule F actin = filament (other name) Myosin motor protein |
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3 facts of aMF
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dynamic equilibrim
regulated by ABP (actin binding proteins) has polarity |
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aMF function in (5)
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cell shape
cell motility organelle motility cell division muscle motion |
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ploymerisation is faster at which end of MT's
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plus end
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the facts about MT
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Microfilaments
hollow tubes polar with plus and minus end dynamic equilibrium grow from organising center (centrosome) |
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MT function in
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cell shape
cell motility cell division |
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what are aMF used in that MF aren't
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organelle motility
muscle contraction |
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what part of animal cytoskeleton is not in plants
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Intermediate Filaments
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IF functions
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cell shape
formation of nuclear lamina anchoring nucleus and organelles = DESMOSOMES |
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what is GFP
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Green fluorescent Protein
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components of chromsomal segregation
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Mitotic spindle
Dynein, Kinesin Microtubules Kinetochore |
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three stage of cell crawling
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protrusion
attachment traction |
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protrusion
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actin polymerisation pushes plasma membrane forwards
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attachment
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cell attaches to substrate as actin binds to ECM protein via integrins
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Traction
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bulk of traling cytoplasm is pulled forward as actin and myosin interact
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which is the thick filament in muscle
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Myosin
the motor protein |
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which motor protein walks toward the plus end
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Kinesin
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four phases of cell division
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Mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
G1 S G2 |
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what does ploidy mean
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is the number of sets of chromosomes in a biological cell.
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two examples of cilia in humans
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sperm
respiratory tract |
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Synapsis
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the PAIRING of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during MEIOSIS.
It allows MATCHING UP of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal CROSSOVER between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I |
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Chromosomal crossover (or crossing over)
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an EXCHANGE of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs during prophase I of meiosis in a process called synapsis.
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stages in mitosis
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Interphase (G1 S G2)
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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stages in Meiosis
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Interphase (G1 S G2)
Propase 1 & 2 Metaphase 1 & 2 anaphase 1 & 2 Telophase 1 & 2 |
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intracellular signalling protein in cell life cycle
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cyclins
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extracellular/external signals in cell cycle
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PDGF
platelet derived growth factors |
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kinetochore attaches to what
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centromere
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three leading causes of genetic diversity
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independant assortment
crossing over (bivalent, Synapsis, chiasma) Random fertilisation |
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cyclins activate what and when
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Cdks - cyclin dependant Kinases
G1 and G2 |
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M checkpoint and external signal
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MPF Mphase Promotion Factor
PDGF platelet derived growth factors |
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name the complex of proteins used to hold together homologous pairs of chromosomes during synapsis
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synaptonemal Complex
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gap junctions 3 facts
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dynamic
6 copies of protein connexin regulated by Ca++ and hormones |
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3 ways cells can comunicated
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gap junctions
Tunneling/membrane nanotubules plasmodesmata |
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tunneling/membrane nanotubules
3 facts |
dynamic
relatively large cf gap junctions 1micrometer *** contain aMF to move organelles |
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plasmodesmata 3 facts
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in plants (perforate cell wall)
contains ER regulated by Ca++ |
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tight junctions
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waterproof stitching
bind plasma membranes of adjacent cell form a seal to prevent leakage/movement between cells only in animals |
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desmosome
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anchoring junction for mechanical attachment - strength (rivet)
reinforced by IF (intermediate Filaments like keratin) Cadherin - homophilic bonding (to each other) |
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hemidesmosomes
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half a desmosome
bond cell to ECM contain IF |
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3 stages of cell signalling
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signal RECEPTION
signal transduction signal response |
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signal reception can be broken down in two 2 sub classes. Name them and their constituents
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1 = receptors
g protien-coupled ligand gated ion channels Tyrosine Kinases Steriod receptors (cytoplasmic) 2 = secondary messengers cAMP calcium DAG IP3 |
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g protein-coupled receptors
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associted with plasma membrane
CONVERT external singals into internal messages (cf allowing passage) allows G protein to bind GTP G protein (with ATP) activated downstream enzyme ATP goes to ADP |
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tyrosine kinases
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unactivated complex in two halves
signallig molecule dimerises complex into active form 6 tyrosine are phosphosylated to become activated (kinase in name) active protien activates cascade within cells |
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steriod receptors
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steriods are lipid soluble signalling molecules
e.g. testosterone, oestrogen diffuse through plasma membrane specific receptors are transported to nucleus where they bind DNA! mRNA synthesis is initiated and new proteins are synthesised! |
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what is a second messenger
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produced WITHIN a cell after the activation of a messenger
TRANSDUCE external signals into internal ones |
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4 second messengers
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cAMP cyclic AMP
Ca++ DAG IP3 |
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cAMP
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Produced by ATP from enzyme
cAMP activates another pathway e;g a protein Kinase cyclic bond can be cleaved as an off switch |
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Ca++ as a second messenger
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extracellular concentration high
gradient is a store of Ep induces muscle contraction |
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three places in the cell where Ca++ conc is high
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ECM
ER Mcd |
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DAP and IP3
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created from enzymatic activety
both come from PIP2 |
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explain transduction phosphorylation cascades
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RECEPTION triggers serieal ROUNDS of Kinase activety
allow for AMPLIFICATION MANY molecules available at end to cause RESPONSE |
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3 major types of signal response
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modification of GENE EXPRESSION and protein production (slow)
Activation of ENZYMES (fast) Altered PROTEIN ACTIVETY |
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Endocrine signalling
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uses hormones in bloodstream
broadcast throughout the body |
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Neuronal signalling
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axon and synapse
neurotranmitters |
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Paracrin signalling
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local (not broadcast)
targets desired calls |
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contact dependent signalling
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adjacent cells touch
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types of response specificity
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different signal receptors
different transduction pathways cross talk or relay |
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what is a protease
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is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain forming the protein.
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genomic equivalence
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same genes
different transcription |
