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113 Cards in this Set
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Archaeplastida
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"ancient plastid" acquired chloroplast via primary endsymbiosis of cyanobacteria |
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What three groups comprise archaeplastida |
Red algae, Green, algae and plants |
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Is algae a monophyletic group? |
no because other algaes belongs to Heterokonts |
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Green algae is more closely related to plants than red algae is? True or False
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True green algae and plants both store excess carbohydrates as starch within their plastids |
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Red uses what for carb storage? |
glycogen |
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All archaeplastida contain what in their cell walls |
cellulose |
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Green Algae and plants have the same what? |
photosynthetic pigments Chlorophyll a, carotene and xanthophyll |
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What are land plants and algae referred to |
Streptophyta |
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Phragmoplasts |
cell plates in streptophyta and the similarity to embryophytes of their layered cell walls |
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Isogamy |
where to gametes are morphologically similar and motile |
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anisogamy |
condition where one gamete is clearly larger and both are motile |
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oogamy |
condition where one game is larger (egg) and non motile, and the smaller gamete (sperm) is motile. |
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some Algae and all plants and animals show what reproduction type? |
oogamy |
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Out of the three types of sexual reproduction which is considered the most evolutionary advanced ? |
oogamy |
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Why is oogamy considered the most advanced? |
Only one gamete has to travel and the other is stationary |
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Green algae exhibit what types of morphologies and growth forms? |
some are single celled and move via flagella. |
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Colonial species of green algae for what? |
aggregates of single-celled individuals. Colony formation is hypothesized to be an important step from unicellularity to multicellularity |
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Filamentous Algae can only be branched true or false? |
False it can be branched or unbranched |
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Parenchymatous algae has a |
flat, leaf-like thallus |
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Three types of lifecycles in Eukaryotes are? |
Haploid, Diploid and alternation of generations |
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Chlamydomonas |
Isogamous has a single celled growth form Haploid life cycle (looks like a little beetle) |
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Volvox |
(looks like a circle full of eggs) Oogamy Colonial species Haploid life cycle |
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Fritchiella |
(look like branches) the green thallus of fritschielle has upright branches of filaments, prostrate regions of tissue-like filaments, and colorless rhizoids that extend below the soil surface
isogamous |
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Oedogonium |
Evolutionary SIGNIFICANT Oogamy (evolved egg and sperm) Wrist watch algae unbranched filamentous green algae haplontic |
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Ulva |
Sea lettuce thin flat green algae (parenchymatous) thallus is made of 2 layers cells oogamy |
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Charophytes |
extant groups of green algae that are most closely related to modern land plants |
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3 phyla of Bryophytes
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mosses, liverworts and hornworts |
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Bryophytes |
non vascular land plants |
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Lycophytes |
Seedless vascular plants Club mosses, Quillworts and spike mosses |
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Pterophytes |
Seedless vascular plants Whisk ferns, horsetails, ferns |
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Gymnosperms |
Seed vascular plants conifers, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes |
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Angiosperms |
Seed vascular plants flowering plants |
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Extant |
species still in existence / alive today |
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sporophyte |
dipload multicellular stage in life cycle |
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how are spores formed? |
the sporophyte uses meiosis to form single - celled propagules called spores |
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Spores |
haploid. Germinate and undergo mitosis to become multicellular gametophytes |
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germinate |
when a seed or spore begins to grow and put ot shoots after a period of dormancy |
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gametophyte |
gamete producing, haploid phase. Because gametophyte is already haploid it unergoes mitosis to from gametes |
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Fertilization |
combines male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote. the zygote grows by mitosis into the next multicellular sporophyte stage |
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Bryophytes are considered the most primitive or ancetral extant plants. True or False? |
True |
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Gametophyte in Bryophytes |
the green "leafy: part of the moss and is considered the dominant phase |
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Dominant Phase in seedless vascular plants |
these plants are more advanced than bryophytes. The sporophyte is the larger, dominant phase |
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Dominance in Seed plants (gymno and angio sperms) |
the gametophyte becomes very reduced in size, the pollen represents the male gametophyte (microgametophyte) and the megagametophyte (female part) develops an archaegonium and provides nutritive tissue for the embryo |
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Archaegonium |
the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns and most conifers |
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In angiosperms, the megagametophyte is what? |
the Embryo Sac, a much reduced 7 celled structure. Because of the angiosperms do not for archaegonia |
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Bryophytes are the amphibians of plants true or false> |
True! they have both aquatic and terrestrial characteristics |
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Characteristics of Bryophytes |
lack vascular system and true roots (have rhizoids for anchorage) cant transfer water or nutrients through thallus -restricted to moist habitats and are always small |
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Bryophtes and reproduction |
moisture is important for reproduction as the flagellated (motile) sperm must swim across a film of water from the antheridium to the archegonium to fertilize the egg |
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poikilhydric |
Some bryophytes can be poikilohydric and can withstand seasonal drying privded there habitats are occasionaly wet |
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Some mosses have sporophytes with a cuticle and stomata True or False? and these are adaptations to what? |
True . These are adaptations to life on land observed in more derived plants |
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In bryophytes where are the gametes protected? |
within the gametangia. Gametangia that holds sperm is called (antheridia) gametangia that holds eggs is called (archaegonia) |
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what stage are mosses at when you are usually observing them in nature (hike, or in yard?) |
gametophyte because its the dominant stage |
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are all bryophytes homosporous? |
yes all spores are the same size, but some may germinate and develop into unisexual or bisexual gametophytes |
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What are important evolutionary trends that first appear in seedless vascular plants? |
-vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) -dominance of sporophyte generation -in some, heterospory and endosporic development |
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Vascular tissue |
-one of the most important evolutionary innovations in land plants. -Allows for the transport of water and nutrients, and protect against gravity -skeletal and circulatory system of a plant -reason plants can get bigger than mosses and bryophytes |
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Ancestors of Seedles Vascular plants |
lycopthytes and pterophytes |
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Lycophytes and pterophytes were the first to exhibit vascular tissue, true or false? |
True |
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Seedless vascular plants dominant stage it? |
Sporophyte |
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Heterosporous |
spores are all different sizes |
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Endosporous |
gametyophytes develop within the spore wall |
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Characteristics of seedless vascular plants |
-sporophyte stage dominance -flagellated sperm that swim from antheridium to archaegonium to fertilized (require an external water source) |
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A club moss is a type of moss True or False? |
False! Club moss is a common name for many lycophytes. -when you see a lycopodium sporophyte growing in the forest it actually looks like a conifer seedling |
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Lycophyte sporophyte structure |
Cone-line structure called strobili at the tip of their stems. These structures are made of clusters of sporophylls |
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sporophylls |
specialized leaves that house the sporangia and the spores |
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Are most lycophytes Heterosporous or homosporous? |
homosporous |
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what genus of lycophytes are heterosporous |
Salaginella, it produces megaspores and microspores. And undergoes Endosporous development |
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Endosporous development |
at maturity, the spores are ejected from the strobilus and the gametophytes will develop within the thick walls of the spores. - Each microspore undergoes mitosis to form a microgametophyte with sperm prodcuing antheridia and microspore wall splits to release sperm - megaspore undergoes mitosis forming megagametophytes which produce egg bearing archaegona. When the megaspore wall splits, the neck of the archegonim is exposed -sperms travels down the archaegonium neck towards the egg |
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Pterophyte Characteristics |
Ferns, Horsetails and Whisk Ferns -One of the most biodiverse groups of plants on Earth today -2/3 of pterophyte species found in the wet tropics (moisture for reproduction) -Vast majority of pterophytes are Ferns -Distinguishing feature of Ferns is the Sorus |
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Sorus |
a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond. |
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Two type of seed plants |
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
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Earliest fossil of seed plants was what type? |
Gymnosperm |
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Gymnoperm means |
"naked Seed" and referrs to the facts that these plants do not have their seed enclosed within a fruit |
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Examples of Gymnosperms |
Conifers (Pine and spruce trees) Cycads Ginko Gnetophytes |
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Angiosperm Characteristics |
Flowering plants -Most recent group to evolve and they dominate the plants kingdom -Heterosporous, their spores are retained within the sporangia on the sporophyte |
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The retention of spores in Angiosperms have led to what 3 Important adaptations |
Pollen Ovules and Seeds |
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Pollen Grains |
Polled grains are the Reduced male gametophyte Microspores are not released into the enviro. in seed plants, but retained within microsporangia on the sporophyte. The microspores develop into male gametophytes, but they are tiny and called pollen grains |
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Pollen produces what kind of sperm. What are the advantages of this type of reprodcution? |
non-motile sperm, because they cant swim to an egg there needs to be another way of transportation -Animals or wind tranfer pollen grains to the egg -once pollination occurs and pollen has been deposited, pollen tubes grow and carry sperm to egg -Having sperm tranferred to egg via desiccation resistant pollen grains Seed plants are not dependant on water for reproduction and can live in many more terrestrial habitats |
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Ovules |
the Ovule of seed plants consist of a single egg developing within a female gametophyte which is retained within the megaspore wall. The megaspore is retained within the megasporagium on the sporophyte |
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Endosporic development in sporangia to ovules in seed plants |
Simply retain the megaspore within the megasporangium instead of shedding it. |
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Why do seed plants only have 1 egg |
Spores are produced when a diploid sporangium undergoes meiosis, leaving 4 haploid spores. In seed plants only one of the megaspores survives. |
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Seed |
a mature fertilized Ovule. Within a seed a diploid embryo (new sporophyte) is surrounded by nutritive material for the developing embryo In Gymnosperms this nutritive material is the haploud tissue of the female gametophyte |
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Nutrivite tissues in Angiosperms |
this material is triploid tissue of the endosperm, |
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Integuments |
the outer layers of the ovule is the integuments which become tough protective coat of the seed. Angiosperms have 2 integuments and Gymnosperms typically have 1. Seeds allow dispersal away from parent plant |
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3 types of gymnosperms |
Coniferophyta, Cyccasophyta and Ginkophyta |
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Characteristics of Angiosperm Flowers |
Like gymnosperms they have pollen, ovules and seeds, however they also have flowers, which are composed of both male and female reproductive parts surrounded by leaf like structures, sepals and petals |
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All parts of the flower are midofied leaves. True or false? |
True |
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Flowers consist of what |
attracts pollinators and protect gametes -made up of petals, sepals (non reproductive) -pistils (include stigma (site of pollination), style and ovaries) -stamen (anther and filaments). |
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Reproductive organs in flowers are |
Pistol and stamen |
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A flower that has all 4 organs is said to be..... |
Complete |
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If a flower is missing one or more organ its said to be... |
Incomplete |
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If a flower has both a pistil and stamen its said to be... |
Perfect |
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If a flower has just a stamen or just a pistil its said to be |
Imperfect |
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The Pistil |
-Female reproductive organ. -Composed of one or more carpels -Carpels consist of: swollen base (ovaries), slender neck (style) and pollen receptive surface (stigma) -after fertilization the ovule developes into a seed while the ovary of the pistil turns into the fruit -Fruit covered seed is a big development |
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Stamens |
-Male reproductive part -Each stamen has a stalk or filaments that supports the pollen producing Anther. -Within the anther, specialized tissue undergo meiosis to form microspores that become pollen grains -pollen isnt mature until it germinates on a stigma, forming a pollen tube containing 2 sperm cells, and a tube nucleus |
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Stamen are modified leaves , and becaue they house sporangia they are a type of sporophyll. Is this also true for the pistil? |
Yes |
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Reduced female gametophytes |
Tissue within developing pistil give rise to a series of ovules. Within each ovule meiosis leads to the production of megaspores. Only one spore survives to develop into matture gametophyte known as embryosac. In female the gametophyte reduced to a 7-celled structure: 3 cells near micropyle (opening) 1 is egg other 2 are synergids, opposite end of embrysac are antipodal cells, in the centre is the large central cell with 2 polar nuclei |
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Synergids |
The synergids are part of the egg apparatus and are thought to help the pollen nucleus reach the egg cell for fertilization |
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antipodal cells |
Antipodals are nutritive in function; it nourishes the embryo sac |
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polar nuclei |
These nuclei fuse with a male gamete nucleus to form a triploid endospermnucleus, which subsequently divides to form the endosperm. |
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Endosperm |
In fertilization in Angiosperms. -One sperm nucleous fuses with the egg of the embryo sac to form a zygote. -The other fuses with the two polar nuclei in the central cell to form endosperm -Endosperm is nutritive tissue for developing embryo, triploid (3n) -Process is called double fertilization |
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Fruits |
In most flowering plants ovary matures into fruit. -Ovary wall thickens and becomes paricarp Based on pericarp you can get either dry or fleshy fruit |
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Dry fruit |
In dry fruit the pericarp is hard and dry at maturity, they can either be dehiscent (split open when ripe eg. peas) or indehiscent (do not split eg, grain and nuts) |
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Fleshy Fruit |
Fleshy fruit have fleshy pericarps, often with distinct layers. These usually dont split open when ripe. -Rely on ingestion from animals for dispersal of seeds. -Can be simple or compound fruits -Simple develops from one ovary -Compound develops from 2 ovaries |
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Aggregate fruit |
Type of compound fruit When multiple ovaries making up compound belong to a single flower |
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Multiple fruit |
Type of compound fruit When multiple ovaries belonging to many flowers have become fused into one fruit mass |
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Pericarp |
The part of fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary |
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Cotelydons |
first leaves formed in an embryonic plant and sometimes reffered to as "seed leaves" |
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Monocots |
had one cotelydon and are a monophyletic group |
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Dicots |
have 2 cotelydons but are NOT monophyletic. Two cotelydons does not make plants closely related. |
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Eudicots |
Monophyletic group which includes most of the dicots but some more primitive Angiosperm lineages have been taken out (Magnolias and luarales) |
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Epigeous Germination |
some eudicot plants, cotelydons are carried above the soil surface by hypocotyl, which first forms a hook and then straightens out to lift up the cotyledons. The cotelydon then starts to photosynthesize |
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Hypogeous Germination |
epicotyl forms a hook and carries the first true leaves about the ground, while the cotyledons remain below grounf |
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Germination type in monocots |
shoots emerge from its protective sheath and the cotyledon remains below ground |