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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cancer
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unclontrolled cell divison
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what are caner cell characteristics? (4)
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lacks differentiation
abnormal nuclei no apoptosis con contact inhibition metastasis and angiogenesis |
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mestastasis
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spreading to other tissues
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angiogenesis
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forms blood vessels
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benign
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abnormal cell growth that doesnt spread and resembles the tissue it originated from
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malignant
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abnormal cell growth that does spread to other tissues
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cancer causing agents (4)
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hereditary
radiation sources pesticides and herbicides viruses |
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who is henrietta lacks?
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a lady who developed cervical cancer, died, and the doctors used her cells to created the first immortal human cell line (Hela cells)
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sexual reproduction
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offspring from 2 parents who pass half of then genes resulting in genetic variation
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asexual reproduction
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offspring from 1 parent who passes all of their genes resulting in identical offspring
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life cycle
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sequence of stages in organisms reporductive history
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somatic cells
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bodycells (2n)
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gametes
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sex cell/ reproductive cells (1n)
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homologous chromosomes
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pair of chromosomes that have the same size, genetic loci, centromere position, and staining pattern
one homologue is inherited from each parent |
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female sex chromosomes
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XX
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male sex chromosomes
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XY
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autosomes
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all other chromosomes besides sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans)
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diploid
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2 sets of chromosomes/ two copies of each chromosome
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haploid
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one set of chromosomes/ only one copy of each chromosome
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polyploidy
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more than 2 sets of chromosomes (3n+)
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where is polyploidy common?
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in flowering plants, insects, leeches, amphibians, fish and reptiles
NOT humans and other mammals |
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Karyotype
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display of individuals chromosomes
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fertilization
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zynogamy- union of two gametes to form zygote through a random process
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meiosis
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cell reproduction division that produces haploid cells (gametes)
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sexual sources of genetic variation (3)
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Independent assortment of chromosomes
crossing over random fertilization |
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independent assortment of chromosomes
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random distribution of maternal and paternal homologous to gametes
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crossing over
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exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
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random fertilization
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egg cell + sperm cell = zygote
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what creates the raw material for evolution?
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genetic variation
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spermatogenesis
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sperm produced in semiferous tubules in testes
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oogenesis
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eggs produced in follicles of ovary
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why is there unequal cytokineses in oogenesis?
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so all the nutrients are going to the single egg instead of sharing
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nondisjunction
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failure of chromosomes to seperate during meiosis
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barr body
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inactivated x-chromosome
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what are the four changes in chromosome structure that leads to mutation?
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deletion
translocation duplication inversion |
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cri-du-chat
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deletion from chromosome 5
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chronic my elogenous luekemia
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translocation from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9
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pallister killian syndrome
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short arms of chromosome 12
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which chromosomes are most involved in chromosomal inversions
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6 and 9
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genetics
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study of transmission of traits from on generation to the next and how these traits are expressed
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blending theory
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mixing traits
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particulate theory
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discrete inheritable units "genes"
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gregor mendel
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monk who conducted breeding experiements with pea plants
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why did mendel use pea plants?
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easy to grow
self/cross pollination short generation time distinct traits |
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monohybrid cross
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cross involving one character
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mendel's law of segregation
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2 alleles for each gene that can be dominant or recessive
to alleles separate in gametes (anaphase1) random fusion of gametes occur at fertilization |
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allele
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alternative or variant form of a gene
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dominant allele
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can mask expression of another allele
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recessive allele
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masked by another allele
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gene locus
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location of a gene on a chromosome
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homozygous
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2 alleles of the same kind "true breeding"
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heterozygous
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two alleles are different
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genotype
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genes present
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phenotype
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appearance
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dihybrid inheritance
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involves 2 traits that can produce offspring phenotypically unlike either parent
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mendel's law of independent assortment
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alleles of a gene for one trait segregate independently of alles for a gene of another trait
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multiple alleles
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more than 2 allelic forms for a gene such as blood type
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universal donor
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type O
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universal recipient
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type AB
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incomplete dominance
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interaction of 2 alleles, neither allele is completely dominant
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what type of inheritance pattern produces an intermediate phenotype
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incomplete dominance
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codominane
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heterozygote expresses phenotype of both homozygotes
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polygenic inheritance
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single trait controlled by more than one gene
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why does a siamese cat vary in fur color
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there's a gene where in their body temperature gets below a certain level, the fur pigment turns black
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sex-linked allele
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gene located on the X chromosomes
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why are males more susceptible to X-linked defects?
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they only have one copy of the X chromosome
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who is linnaeus
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father of taxonomy
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who is cuvier
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explained succession of life forms as catrastrophism
after each catastrophe a region was repopulated by a new species |
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who is erasmus darwin?
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said life evolved from a common ancestor forming "one living filiment"
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LaMark
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believed traits were passed on through acquired characteristics
WRONG |
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who was darwin?
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a naturalist who studied theology and enlilsted as a naturalist on the Beagle voyage
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who was the father of geology
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hutton
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who did darwin work with?
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lyell and hutton
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who is lyell?
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highlighted hutton's theory of uniforitarianism saying that geological changes occur slowly and gradually to produce profound change
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what did darwin conclude from lyell and hutton's work? (2)
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the earth must be very old and wondered if these gradual changes apply to living forms
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what did Darwin collect at the galapogos Islands?
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finches
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natural selection
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mechanism for evolutionary change
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what are the results of natural selection?
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speciation
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speciation
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many different species adapted to specific environments
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what is fitness?
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relative # of offspring produced
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redefined evolution
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a change in gene frequency in a population over time
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who is alfred wallace?
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british naturalist who explored Brazil and Indonesia
deveolped theory of natural selection independent of darwin |
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how can you see evolution occur
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through fossils
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biogeography
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geographical distribution of species
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what is the wallace line?
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above a line in indonesia, organisms looked like other asian species
below the line, organisms resembled their australian descendants |
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homologous structures
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inherited from common ancestors
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analogous structures
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similiar to function; dissimilar to origin
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vestigial structures
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structures retained in organisms even though they may not be functional
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what indicates relatedness between species?
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through they embryonic development
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what provides best evidence for common decent?
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molecular biology
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what is a population
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members of one species that live in one area and share a unique set of genes
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gene pool
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all the genes present in a population at a given time
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evolution
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a change in a gene pool over time
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microevolution
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evolutionary changes within a population
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hardy weinberg theorom
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mathematical model that describes the genetics of nonevolving populations
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what does the H-W theorom state?
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the frequencies of alleles in a population's gene pool remain constant over generations UNLESS acted upon by agents other than sexual recombination
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gene flow
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migration of individuals or transfer of gametes between populations
decrease of differences over time |
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nonrandom mating
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individuals pair according to phenotypes
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assortative mating
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individuals tend to mate with those that have a similar phenotypic characteristic
increases frequency of homozygotes for certain gene loci in the pop |
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genetic drift
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changes in the allele frequency in a gene pool of a small population due to chance rather than natural selection
individuals are removed from a population at random |
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bottleneck
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population is subjected to natural disaster and leaves a small surviving population that is unlikely to be representative of the original pop in genetic makeup
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founder effect
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small number of individuals in a population representing only a fraction of a gene pool found a colony
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what does founder effect lead to?
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increases in breeding and inbreeding increases frequency of recessive genetic disorders
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what are the 2 situations that lead to a small population for genetic drift to occur?
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bottleneck and founder effect
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what are the three types of natural selection?
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directional selection
disruptive selection stabilizing selection |
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directional selection
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favors extreme phenotype
most common in changing environment or during colonization |
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disruptive selection
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favors 2 extreme phenotypes over average phenotype (double hill)
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stabilizing selection
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favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotype. most common in stable environments
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intersexual
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female chooses to mate with males with a particular pheotype
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intrasexual
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males compete for the right to reproduce with the female
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what is heterozygote advantage
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heterozygote has better reproductive success than either homozygote
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species
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pop or group of pops that are genetically separated and reproductively isolated from other populations in nature. must produce fertile offspring
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reproductive isolating mechanism
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any structural, behavioral, or functional characteristic that prevents reproduction
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temporal isolation
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frogs occupy the same habitat but breed at different times
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behavioral isolation
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blue-footed boobies present elaborate courtiship displays
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habitat isolation
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fly catchers occupy different habitats in same geographic zone
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mechanical isolation
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differ in structure and are pollinated by 2 different insects
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gametic isolation
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gametes of 2 species or not compatile
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what are the 5 prezygotic isolation
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temporal, behavioral, habitat, mechanical, gemetic
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hybrid inviability
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hybrids form but dont complete development
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hybrid sterility
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offspring is sterile and thus not a species
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what are the two postzygotic isolation
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hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility
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