Biol 3312 Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 8-10

Front 1

I. Functions of the Nervous System

Back 1

1. Sensory
2. Integration
3. Homeostasis
4. Mental Activity
5. Control of muscles and glands

Front 2

1. Sensory

Back 2

A. External and internal stimuli interpreters - touch, temperature, taste, smell, sound, blood pressure and body position
B. Travel along nerves to spinal cord and brain to be interpreted

Front 3

2. Integration

Back 3

A. Brain and Spinal cord are major organs for processing sensory input and initiating responses.
B. Produce immediate response, stored as memory or may be ignored

Front 4

3. Homeostasis

Back 4

A. nervous system to detect, interpret, and respond to changes in internal and external conditions

Front 5

4. Mental Activity

Back 5

A. Consciousness, memory, and thinking

Front 6

1. Control of muscles and glands

Back 6

Controls major movements of the body… cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles, and glands.

Front 7

II. Divisions of the Nervous System

Back 7

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 8

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 8

A. Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 9

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 9

A. Lies outside the CNS
B. Nerves and Ganglia
C. Two Subdivisions

Front 10

Two Subdivisions of PNS

Back 10

a. Sensory (Afferent division)

b. Motor (Efferent Division)

Front 11

a. Sensory (Afferent division)

Back 11

i. Action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS

Front 12

b. Motor (Efferent Division)

Back 12

i. Action potentials from the CNS to effectors organs such as muscles and glands
ii. Subdivided into Three divisions

Front 13

Three Subdivisions of Motor Division

Back 13

· Somatic Motor Nervous System
· Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
· Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Front 14

· Somatic Motor Nervous System

Back 14

Transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles

Front 15

· Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 15

- Transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscle, and glands
* Parasympathetic
* Sympathetic

Front 16

· Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Back 16

- Digestive Tract

Front 17

III. Cells of the Nervous System

Back 17

1. Neurons (Nerve Cells)
2. Neuroglia (Glial)
3. Myelin Sheaths

Front 18

1. Neurons (Nerve Cells)

Back 18

A. Receive stimuli and transmit action potentials to other neurons or to effectors organs
B. Axon
C. Dendrites

Front 19

2. Neuroglia (Glial)

Back 19

A. Nonneuronal cells of the CNS and PNS
B. More numerous than neurons
C. Divide
D. Five types of Neuroglia

Front 20

3. Myelin Sheaths

Back 20

A. Unmyelinated axons
B. Myelinated axons

Front 21

B. Axon

Back 21

a. Long
b. Connected to cell body
c. Conduct action potentials away from the CNS and axons or sensory neurons conduct action potentials toward the CNS.

Front 22

C. Dendrites

Back 22

a. short
b. highly branching cytoplasm extension; extension of neuron cell body

Front 23

D. Five types of Neuroglia

Back 23

a. Astrocytes (Star Shaped)
b. Ependymal
c. Microglia
d. Oligodendrocytes
e. Schwann Cells (neurolemmocytes) (neurolemma cells)

Front 24

A. Unmyelinated axons

Back 24

a. indenations of oligodendrogcytes in the CNS and the Schwann

Front 25

B. Myelinated axons

Back 25

a. specialized sheaths, wraps around segments of an axon
b. Insulator, prevents electrical current flow through the cell membrane

Front 26

a. Astrocytes (Star Shaped)

Back 26

i. support tissue in the CNS and blood vessel endothelium to form a permeability barrier.

Front 27

b. Ependymal

Back 27

i. Line the fluid-filled cavities (ventricles and canals)

Front 28

c. Microglia

Back 28

i. remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS

Front 29

d. Oligodendrocytes

Back 29

i. in the CNS and Schwann Cells

Front 30

e. Schwann Cells (neurolemmocytes) (neurolemma cells)

Back 30

i. In the PNS surround axons

Front 31

IV. Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways

Back 31

A. Outside is positively charged; inside is negatively charged
B. Resting membrane potential

Front 32

B. Resting membrane potential

Back 32

Charge difference across the membrane of an unstimulated cell
a. Polarized
b. Small voltage difference is measured

Front 33

Gray Matter

Back 33

Very little myelin

Front 34

Cortex

Back 34

Gray matter on the surface of the brain

Front 35

Nuclei

Back 35

Clusters of gray matters located deep in the brain

Front 36

Ganglion

Back 36

Cluster of neuron cell bodies

Front 37

White matter

Back 37

Bunch of parallel acons with myelin sheaths are whitish in color

Front 38

Pathways or nerve tracts,

Back 38

send action potentials from one area in the CNS to another

Front 39

Nerves

Back 39

Connetive tissue sheaths

Front 40

Colateral axons

Back 40

Surrounded by neuroglia

Front 41

Multipolar

Back 41

neurons many dendrites and a single axon; most motor nuerons and CNS nuerons

Front 42

Bipolar neurons

Back 42

one dendrite and one axon; special senses, eyes and nose

Front 43

Unipolar neurons

Back 43

Single axon; most sensory nurons

Front 44

NA+-K+ pump

Back 44

Actively transports K+ into a Na+ out of the cell

Front 45

Depolarization

Back 45

Positively charged Na+ entering the cell case the inside of the cell membrane to become more positive

Front 46

Astrocytes

Back 46

provide structural support

contribute to blood-brain barrier

Front 47

Ependymal cells

Back 47

- Lines ventricles of brain
- Circulates CSF
- Some form choroid plexuses

Front 48

Microglia

Back 48

- Protect CNS from infection

Front 49

oLIGODENDROCYTES

Back 49

Enclose unmyelinated axons in the CNS

Front 50

Gray matter

Back 50

unmyelinated

Front 51

White matter

Back 51

Myelinated

Front 52

Movement of Na+ into a cell

Back 52

Local current

Front 53

The positively charged Na+ entering the cell cause the inside of the cell membrane to become more positive

Back 53

Depolarization

Front 54

Synapse

Back 54

Where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or an effector organ such as a muscle or gland.

Front 55

Acetylcholine Effect

Back 55

Exictatory or inhibtory

Front 56

Norepinephrine Effect

Back 56

Excitatory or Inhibitory

Front 57

Serotonin Effect

Back 57

Generally inhibitory

Front 58

Dopamine Effect

Back 58

Generally excitatory

Front 59

GABA effect

Back 59

Generally inhibitory

Front 60

Glycine Effect

Back 60

Generally inhibitory

Front 61

Endorphins Effect

Back 61

Generally inhibitory

Front 62

Acetylcholine ex

Back 62

Alzheimer's disease - decreased acetylcholine

Front 63

Norepinephrine ex

Back 63

Cocaine and amphetamines

Front 64

Serotonin ex

Back 64

mood, anxiety, and seleep induction

Front 65

Dopamine ex

Back 65

Parkinson's disease

Front 66

GABA ex

Back 66

Epilepsy

Front 67

Endorphins ex

Back 67

heroin and opiates morphine

Front 68

Location of Acetylcholine

Back 68

- Many nuclei scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord
- Neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle and many ANS synapses

Front 69

Location of Norepinephrine

Back 69

- Brainstem
- Brain and spinal cord
- ANS synapse

Front 70

Location of Serotonin

Back 70

- Brainstem
- Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 71

Spinal Cord

Back 71

- Extends from foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the second lumbar vertebra

Front 72

Most inferior portion of the brainstem

Back 72

Medulla Oblongata

Front 73

Contains discrete nuclei functions - regualtion of heart, blood vessel breathing, swallowin, vomitting, coughing, blanace, and coordination

Back 73

Medulla oblongata

Front 74

Superior to Medulla Oblongata

Back 74

Pons

Front 75

Functions such as breathing, swallowing, chewing, salivation and balance,

Back 75

Pons

Front 76

Superior to the pons smallest region in the brainstem

Back 76

Midbrain

Front 77

Major relay centers for the auditory nerve pathways in the CNS

Back 77

Midbrain

Front 78

The cerebeullum is attached to the brainstem by several large connections

Back 78

Cerebellar peduncles

Front 79

The largest part of the diacephalon

Back 79

Thalamus

Front 80

Sends axons to the cerebral cortex and thalamus influences mood and pain

Back 80

Thalamus

Front 81

A small area superior and posterior to the thalamus

- a few small nuclei involved with emotion and visceral response to oedors

Back 81

Epithalamus

Front 82

Most inferior part of the diencephalon and contains several small nuclei

Back 82

Hypothalamus

Front 83

Maintains homeostasis

Back 83

Hyptothalamus

Front 84

Body temperature, hunger, and thirst... Sexual pleasure, feeling "good" after a meal rae and fear

Back 84

Hypothalamus

Front 85

A difference in electrical charge between the inner and outer surface of a plasma membrane

Back 85

electrical potential.

Front 86

The electrical potential of a resting cell is the

Back 86

resting membrane potential.

Front 87

Selective permeability of plasma membranes.

Back 87

Strong permeability of potassium ions (K+).
Weak permeability of sodium ions (Na+).
Impermeability of large anions.

Front 88

Diffusion of ions down their concentration gradients.

Back 88

K+ diffuses down its concentration gradient and out of the cell. Positive charge leaves the cell causing the cell to become more negative.
Na+ diffuses into the cell, but at a slower rate than K+ diffusion, thus cancelling some of the negative internal charge.

Front 89

Diffusion of ions down their electrical gradients; the electrical attraction of cations and anions to each other.

Back 89

As K+ diffuses out of the cell, making the cell more negative inside, K+ begins to move back into the cell towards the negative charge. (The positively charged potassium is attracted to the negatively charged cytosol.)

Front 90

What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?

Back 90

breakdown of ATP

Front 91

During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves.

Back 91

3 Na+ and 2 K+

Front 92

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump

Back 92

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

Front 93

The sodium potassium exchange pump is an example of

Back 93

active transport.

Front 94

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes...

Back 94

calcium ions to diffuse into the cell.

Front 95

As a result of question number one...

Back 95

synaptic vessels migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

Front 96

Acetylcholine has which effect on the post-synaptic neuron?

Back 96

Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in.