Biol 3312 Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 6&7

Front 1

5 functions of bone

Back 1

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Lever System
4. Mineral Storage
5. Blood cell formation

Front 2

List 3 Functions of cartilage

Back 2

1. Model for bone growth
2. Smooth Joint surfaces
3. Support

Front 3

List three types of bone cells

Back 3

1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts

Front 4

2 types of bone, depending on their internal structure

Back 4

1. Compact (Solid matrix and cells)
2. Cancellous Bone (Spongy bone or Trabeculae)

Front 5

2 Types of Bone Ossification

Back 5

Intramembranous and Endochondrial

Front 6

Intramembranous

Back 6

- Bone ossification that occurs WITHIN connective tissue membranes
- Mostly in flat bones of the Skull

Front 7

Endochondrial

Back 7

- Ossification prcess that produces most of the skeletal system

Front 8

Fibrous

Back 8

2 bones united by fibrous tissue
- little or no movement

Front 9

Cartilaginous

Back 9

2 bones united by cartilage
- slight movement

Front 10

Synovial

Back 10

freely moving joints
- Contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of bones

Front 11

How a bone grows in Diameter

Back 11

- apposition of new bone matrix on an old bone surface beneath the periosteum

Front 12

How a bone grows in Length

Back 12

- Cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate followed by ossification of the cartilage

Front 13

2 bones of the Pectoral Girdle

Back 13

1. Clavicle
2. Scapula

Front 14

2 bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Back 14

1. Sacrum
2. Coxa

Front 15

List three major classes of joints

Back 15

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Front 16

5 Types of vertebrae

Back 16

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacrum
5. Coccyx

Front 17

Functions of Cartilage

Back 17

1. Model for bone growth
2. Smooth joint surfaces
3. Support

Front 18

List three types of bone cells

Back 18

1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts

Front 19

Six types of synovial Joints

Back 19

1. Ellipsoid
2. Plane
3. Saddle
4. Hinge
5. Pivot
6. Ball and Socket

Front 20

A break in the shaft of a bone is a break in the...

Back 20

Diaphysis

Front 21

Periosteum and Hyaline Cartilage

Back 21

Connective tissue structures vocer the surface of mature bones

Front 22

Diaphysis

Back 22

Primary ossification centers of a long bone

Front 23

As a long bone increases in diameter the medullary cavity

Back 23

Increases in size.

Front 24

Chondrocytes

Back 24

During bone growth at the epiphyseal plate...
increase in number, hypertrophy, and die

Front 25

Function of osteoclasts is to

Back 25

break down bones

Front 26

Healing of bone fractures

Back 26

1. Blood clot formation around break
2. Callus is formed
3. Cancellous bone is formed in the callus
4. The callus may eventually disappear

Front 27

Contains a paranasal sinus

Back 27

Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal
Maxilla

Front 28

The squamous suture joins the

Back 28

Parietal and temporal bones

Front 29

The weight-bearing portion of a vertebrea is the

Back 29

body

Front 30

Transverse foramina are found only in

Back 30

Cervical vertebrae

Front 31

Charactersitcs of Synocial joints

Back 31

~Articular surfaces covered with cartilage
~ Joint capsule
~ Synovial membrane
~ Synovial Fluid

Front 32

Seven Functions of the muscular system

Back 32

1. Body movement
2. Posture maintenance
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat
5. Communication
6. Constructionn of organs and vessels
7. Blood circulation (heat beat)

Front 33

4 functional characteristics of muscle

Back 33

Contracility, elasticity, excitablility, and extensibility

Front 34

3 Connective tissue structures associated with skeletal muscle

Back 34

1. Epimysium (Fasica) Surrounds whole muscle
2. Perimysium - Surrounds muscle fasciculi
3. Endomysium - surrounds muscle fibers

Front 35

2 types of membrane potentials

Back 35

Resting membrane potential and action potential

Front 36

I band

Back 36

Only actin myofilaments

Front 37

A band

Back 37

Actin and myosin myofilaments overlap

Front 38

H band

Back 38

ONLY myosin myofilaments

Front 39

Myofibril

Back 39

Thread-like structures ends of the muscle fiber

Front 40

Actin Myofilament

Back 40

Thin myofilaments - two minute strands pearls twisted together

Front 41

Myosin Myofilament

Back 41

Thick myofilaments

Front 42

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 42

Point where the axon of a motor neuron joins with a skeletal muscle fiber... synapse

Front 43

Acetylchonline

Back 43

Neurotransmitter released from synaptic vesicles of a presynaptic terminal

Front 44

Acetylcholinesterase

Back 44

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

Front 45

Muscle twitch

Back 45

Contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers.

Front 46

Lag Phase

Back 46

Time between applicaton of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction

Front 47

Contraction Phase

Back 47

Time during with a muscle shortens

Front 48

Isometric

Back 48

tension increases during the contraction process... LENGTH DOES NOT CHANGE

equal distance

Front 49

Isotonic

Back 49

The length of the muscle decreases

Movements of arms or fingers

Front 50

Concentric

Back 50

Isotonic contraction in which muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens.

Front 51

Eccentric

Back 51

Isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained as athe muscle lengthens

(letting a heavy weight down slowly)

Front 52

Aerobic

Back 52

Respiration that requires Oxygen
- Type of respiration that produces the most ATP molecules for each glucose molecule used

Front 53

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 53

Respiration used during short periods of intense excersise

- Produces lactic acid

Front 54

Slow twitch muscle fibers

Back 54

Resistant to fatigue
- Richer blood supply and contains myoglobin; temporarily stores oxygen

Front 55

Fast-Twitch muscle fibers

Back 55

Predominant muscle fiber in the upper limbs
- Intense excercise resulting in anaerobic repsiraiton has the greatest effect on this type of muscle fiber

Front 56

Flexion

Back 56

Moving body in the anterior or ventral to the coronal plane

Front 57

Extension

Back 57

Moving body in a posterior or ddorsal to the coronal plane

Front 58

Plantar flexion

Back 58

Standing on toes

Front 59

Dorsiflexion

Back 59

Walking on heels

Front 60

Abduction

Back 60

Moving away from median or midsagittal plane

Front 61

Adduction

Back 61

moving toward the median plane

Front 62

Pronation

Back 62

rotation of the forarm, palm down

Front 63

Supination

Back 63

Rotation of the forearm, palm up

Front 64

Eversion

Back 64

Turning the foot plantar surface faces laterally

Front 65

Inversion

Back 65

Turning the foot plantar surface faces medially

Front 66

Protraction

Back 66

Movement that the mandible glides anteriorly