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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5 functions of bone
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1. Support
2. Protection 3. Lever System 4. Mineral Storage 5. Blood cell formation |
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List 3 Functions of cartilage
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1. Model for bone growth
2. Smooth Joint surfaces 3. Support |
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List three types of bone cells
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1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts |
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2 types of bone, depending on their internal structure
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1. Compact (Solid matrix and cells)
2. Cancellous Bone (Spongy bone or Trabeculae) |
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2 Types of Bone Ossification
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Intramembranous and Endochondrial
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Intramembranous
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- Bone ossification that occurs WITHIN connective tissue membranes
- Mostly in flat bones of the Skull |
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Endochondrial
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- Ossification prcess that produces most of the skeletal system
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Fibrous
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2 bones united by fibrous tissue
- little or no movement |
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Cartilaginous
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2 bones united by cartilage
- slight movement |
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Synovial
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freely moving joints
- Contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of bones |
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How a bone grows in Diameter
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- apposition of new bone matrix on an old bone surface beneath the periosteum
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How a bone grows in Length
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- Cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate followed by ossification of the cartilage
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2 bones of the Pectoral Girdle
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1. Clavicle
2. Scapula |
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2 bones of the Pelvic Girdle
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1. Sacrum
2. Coxa |
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List three major classes of joints
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1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial |
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5 Types of vertebrae
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1. Cervical
2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx |
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Functions of Cartilage
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1. Model for bone growth
2. Smooth joint surfaces 3. Support |
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List three types of bone cells
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1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts |
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Six types of synovial Joints
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1. Ellipsoid
2. Plane 3. Saddle 4. Hinge 5. Pivot 6. Ball and Socket |
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A break in the shaft of a bone is a break in the...
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Diaphysis
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Periosteum and Hyaline Cartilage
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Connective tissue structures vocer the surface of mature bones
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Diaphysis
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Primary ossification centers of a long bone
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As a long bone increases in diameter the medullary cavity
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Increases in size.
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Chondrocytes
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During bone growth at the epiphyseal plate...
increase in number, hypertrophy, and die |
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Function of osteoclasts is to
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break down bones
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Healing of bone fractures
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1. Blood clot formation around break
2. Callus is formed 3. Cancellous bone is formed in the callus 4. The callus may eventually disappear |
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Contains a paranasal sinus
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Ethmoid
Sphenoid Frontal Maxilla |
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The squamous suture joins the
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Parietal and temporal bones
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The weight-bearing portion of a vertebrea is the
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body
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Transverse foramina are found only in
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Cervical vertebrae
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Charactersitcs of Synocial joints
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~Articular surfaces covered with cartilage
~ Joint capsule ~ Synovial membrane ~ Synovial Fluid |
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Seven Functions of the muscular system
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1. Body movement
2. Posture maintenance 3. Respiration 4. Production of body heat 5. Communication 6. Constructionn of organs and vessels 7. Blood circulation (heat beat) |
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4 functional characteristics of muscle
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Contracility, elasticity, excitablility, and extensibility
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3 Connective tissue structures associated with skeletal muscle
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1. Epimysium (Fasica) Surrounds whole muscle
2. Perimysium - Surrounds muscle fasciculi 3. Endomysium - surrounds muscle fibers |
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2 types of membrane potentials
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Resting membrane potential and action potential
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I band
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Only actin myofilaments
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A band
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Actin and myosin myofilaments overlap
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H band
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ONLY myosin myofilaments
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Myofibril
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Thread-like structures ends of the muscle fiber
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Actin Myofilament
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Thin myofilaments - two minute strands pearls twisted together
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Myosin Myofilament
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Thick myofilaments
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Neuromuscular Junction
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Point where the axon of a motor neuron joins with a skeletal muscle fiber... synapse
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Acetylchonline
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Neurotransmitter released from synaptic vesicles of a presynaptic terminal
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Acetylcholinesterase
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Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
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Muscle twitch
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Contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers.
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Lag Phase
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Time between applicaton of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction
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Contraction Phase
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Time during with a muscle shortens
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Isometric
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tension increases during the contraction process... LENGTH DOES NOT CHANGE
equal distance |
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Isotonic
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The length of the muscle decreases
Movements of arms or fingers |
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Concentric
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Isotonic contraction in which muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens.
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Eccentric
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Isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained as athe muscle lengthens
(letting a heavy weight down slowly) |
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Aerobic
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Respiration that requires Oxygen
- Type of respiration that produces the most ATP molecules for each glucose molecule used |
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Respiration used during short periods of intense excersise
- Produces lactic acid |
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Slow twitch muscle fibers
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Resistant to fatigue
- Richer blood supply and contains myoglobin; temporarily stores oxygen |
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Fast-Twitch muscle fibers
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Predominant muscle fiber in the upper limbs
- Intense excercise resulting in anaerobic repsiraiton has the greatest effect on this type of muscle fiber |
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Flexion
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Moving body in the anterior or ventral to the coronal plane
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Extension
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Moving body in a posterior or ddorsal to the coronal plane
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Plantar flexion
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Standing on toes
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Dorsiflexion
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Walking on heels
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Abduction
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Moving away from median or midsagittal plane
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Adduction
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moving toward the median plane
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Pronation
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rotation of the forarm, palm down
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Supination
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Rotation of the forearm, palm up
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Eversion
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Turning the foot plantar surface faces laterally
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Inversion
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Turning the foot plantar surface faces medially
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Protraction
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Movement that the mandible glides anteriorly
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