Biol 3312 Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 2

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Front 2

Mass

Back 2

Amount of matter in an object

Front 3

Weight

Back 3

Gravitational force acting on an object of given mass.

Front 4

Kilogram

Back 4

International unit for mass

Front 5

Element

Back 5

Simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties.

Front 6

Atom

Back 6

Smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element.

Front 7

Neutron

Back 7

Subatomic particle with NO electrical charge.

Front 8

Electron

Back 8

Subatomic particle with a NEGATIVE charge; moves around necleus

Front 9

Electron Cloud

Back 9

Region where electrons are most likely to be found.

Front 10

Ions

Back 10

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons

Front 11

Ionic Bonding

Back 11

occurs mwhen oppositely charged ions are ATTRACTED to each other.

Front 12

Covalent Bonding

Back 12

when two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of electrons.

Front 13

Double Covalent Bond

Back 13

When two pairs of electrons are shared

Front 14

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 14

When unequal sharing of electrons occurs.

Front 15

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 15

When molecules with polar covalent bonds are weakly attracted to ions or other polar covalent molecules.

Front 16

Molecule

Back 16

Forms when 2+ atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.

Front 17

Compound

Back 17

Is a substance composed of two or more DIFFERENT types of atoms that are chemically combined

Front 18

Dissociate

Back 18

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions separate from each other.

Front 19

Reactant

Back 19

Atoms or molecules BEFORE the chemical reation.

Front 20

Products

Back 20

Result FROM the chemical reaction.

Front 21

Synthesis Reaction

Back 21

When 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex product.

Front 22

Decomposition Reaction

Back 22

Reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products.

Hint 22

Decompose, breaking down

Front 23

Exchange Reaction

Back 23

COMBINATION of a decomposition and a Synthesis reaction.

Front 24

Reversible Reaction

Back 24

A reaction that can proceed from reactants to products and products to reactants.

Hint 24

REVERSE

Front 25

Equilibrium

Back 25

When the rate of product formation and reaction formation are EQUAL

Front 26

Potential Energy

Back 26

Energy exists in chemical bonds

Front 27

Released

Back 27

Products of a chemical reaction contain less energy than the reactants

Front 28

Heat

Back 28

Most of the energy released from a chemical reaction

Front 29

ATP

Back 29

An energy source; Almost all of the chemical reactions of the cell that require energy is used

Front 30

Catalyst

Back 30

is a substance that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without itself being permanently changed or depleted.

Front 31

Enzyme

Back 31

Protein molecules in the body that act as catalysts.

Front 32

Acids

Back 32

Substances that are proton H+ donors.

Front 33

Bases

Back 33

Substance that accept protons.

Front 34

Salts

Back 34

Molecules consisting of a positive ion other than hydrogen and a negative ion other than hydroxide

Front 35

Buffers

Back 35

Chemicals that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to a solution.

Front 36

Neutral Solution

Back 36

pH of 7

Front 37

Acidic Soultion

Back 37

pH less than 7

Front 38

Alkaline Solution

Back 38

Greater concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.

Front 39

Oxygen

Back 39

Comprises about 21% of the gas in the atmosphere; required for the final step of extracting energy from food molecules.

Front 40

Carbon Dioxide

Back 40

Produced when organic molecules such as glucose are metabolized in the cells of the body; toxic if it is allowed to accumulate within cells.

Front 41

Heat

Back 41

Water can absorb large amounts of (1) and remain at a stable temerpature.

Front 42

Lubricant

Back 42

Water also acts as an effective (2) ex. tears protects the surface of the eye

Front 43

Digestion

Back 43

Water is necessary in many chemical reactions, such as the (3) of food.

Front 44

Transport

Back 44

Water is necessary for (4) of nutrients, gases, and waste products in the body.

Front 45

Dissociate

Back 45

When ionic substances dissolve in water, the positive and negative ions separate. Allows the ions to stay in solution.

Front 46

Organic

Back 46

Include Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Front 47

Inorganic

Back 47

All molecules that do NOT contain CARBON (except carbon dioxide and monoxide)

Front 48

Lipids

Back 48

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Front 49

Glycerol and Fatty acids

Back 49

Building blocks of fats

Front 50

Triacylglycerol

Back 50

Most common type of fat molecule, with three fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule.

Front 51

Saturated

Back 51

Fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms

Front 52

Unsaturated

Back 52

Believed to be the best type of fat in the diet.

Front 53

Amino Acids

Back 53

(20 types) Building blocks of protein

Front 54

Essential

Back 54

Humans can synthesize 12 of these from simple organic molecules, but the remaining 8.

Front 55

Shape

Back 55

The ability of proteins to perform their functions depends on their (_)

Front 56

Denaturation

Back 56

Occurs when hydrogen bonds that maintain a protein's shape are broken, then becomes nonfunctional

Front 57

Enzymes

Back 57

proteins that regulate the rate of chemical reactions.

Front 58

Structural Proteins

Back 58

Provide the framework for many of the body's tissues

Front 59

Activation Energy

Back 59

Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the (8) necessary to start a chemical reaction

Front 60

Lock and Key Model

Back 60

the shape of enzymes and reactantsallows them to ind together easily.

Front 61

Nucleotide

Back 61

Building block for nucleic acids; contains a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group

Front 62

DNA

Back 62

DEOXYRIBOSE; Nucleotides forms a double helix. Genetic material of the cell; controls cell activities

Front 63

Chromatin

Back 63

DNA molecules associated with protein

Front 64

Chromosome

Back 64

Formed when chromatin condenses during cell division.

Front 65

RNA

Back 65

Single strand of necleotides that contains the sugar ribose.

Front 66

Heat

Back 66

Water can absorb large amounts of (1) and remain at a stable temerpature.

Front 67

Lubricant

Back 67

Water also acts as an effective (2) ex. tears protects the surface of the eye

Front 68

Digestion

Back 68

Water is necessary in many chemical reactions, such as the (3) of food.

Front 69

Transport

Back 69

Water is necessary for (4) of nutrients, gases, and waste products in the body.

Front 70

Dissociate

Back 70

When ionic substances dissolve in water, the positive and negative ions separate. Allows the ions to stay in solution.

Front 71

Organic

Back 71

Include Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Front 72

Inorganic

Back 72

All molecules that do NOT contain CARBON (except carbon dioxide and monoxide)

Front 73

Lipids

Back 73

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Front 74

Glycerol and Fatty acids

Back 74

Building blocks of fats

Front 75

Triacylglycerol

Back 75

Most common type of fat molecule, with three fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule.

Front 76

Saturated

Back 76

Fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms

Front 77

Unsaturated

Back 77

Believed to be the best type of fat in the diet.

Front 78

Amino Acids

Back 78

(20 types) Building blocks of protein

Front 79

Essential

Back 79

Humans can synthesize 12 of these from simple organic molecules, but the remaining 8.

Front 80

Shape

Back 80

The ability of proteins to perform their functions depends on their (_)