Biol 317 Test #1

Front 1

Artificial Classification

Back 1

Classification with no regard to evolutionary relationships.

Front 2

Natural (Phylogenetic) Classification

Back 2

Classification with regard to evolutionary relationships.

Front 3

Phylogeny

Back 3

Pattern of evolutionary history among species.

Front 4

Taxon

Back 4

Taxonomic group at any hierarchical level.

Front 5

Monophyletic Group

Back 5

Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Front 6

Paraphyletic Group

Back 6

Ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Front 7

Polyphyletic Group

Back 7

A group of species in which the common ancestor does not belong to the group.

Front 8

Synapomorphy

Definition and corresponding group.

Back 8

Shared derived similarity; similarity derived from most recent common ancestor. Indication of monophyletic group.

Front 9

Symplesiomorphy

Definition and corresponding group.

Back 9

Shared ancestral similarity; similarity derived from ancestor but shared with other taxa not included. Indication of paraphyly.

Front 10

Convergent Similarity

Definition and corresponding group.

Back 10

Similarity due to parallel evolution (convergent evolution) in two different organisms. Indication of polyphyly.

Front 11

Characters

Back 11

Similar structures.

Front 12

Character States

Back 12

Variations of characters.

Front 13

6 methods of polarity assessment and which is most useful.

Back 13

1) Fossil record
2) Simple to complex
3) Correlation
4) Common is primitive
5) Ontogeny
6) Outgroup comparison (most useful)

Front 14

Outgroup Comparison

Back 14

For a character with two or more states, the state occurring in the outgroup is primitive.

Front 15

Sister Group

Back 15

Shares common ancestor.

Front 16

Cladistic Analysis

Back 16

Grouping species by shared derived states of characters.

Front 17

Homology

Back 17

Similarity of two or more organisms that can be traced back to same feature in common ancestor of those organisms.

Front 18

Parsimony

Back 18

Explanation requiring the least change is preferred.

Front 19

Seed

Back 19

Young plant in which development is arrested and the plant is dormant.

Front 20

Apical Meristem

Back 20

Responsible for new terminal growth.

Front 21

Node

Back 21

Point of attachment of a leaf.

Front 22

Lateral Bud

Back 22

Found in the axil of a leaf (between leaf and stem, upward on the stem from the point of attachment of the leaf).

Front 23

Internode

Back 23

Region of stem between two nodes.

Front 24

Rhizome

Back 24

Underground, laterally growing stem.

Front 25

Tuber

Back 25

Swollen, elongate underground stem, modified rhizome

Front 26

Bulb

Back 26

Underground stem with many swollen leaf bases surrounding it.

Front 27

Corm

Back 27

Swollen, round underground stem.

Front 28

Stolon

Back 28

"Runner" or rhizome above the soil

Front 29

Stipule

Back 29

Small, leaf-like structure attached to the stem at point of attachment of the stem to the leaf.

Front 30

Blade

Back 30

broad part of the leaf

Front 31

Petiole

Back 31

Slender part of the leaf that attaches the blade to the stem.

Front 32

Margin

Back 32

Edge of the blade.

Front 33

Ribs

Back 33

Vascular bundles or veins in the leaf

Front 34

Dissected Leaf

Back 34

Blade lobed, but not all the way to the midrib.

Front 35

Pedicel

Back 35

Modified stem leading to the flower.

Front 36

Receptacle

Back 36

End of stem on which flower is born.

Front 37

Sepal

Include function.

Back 37

Outer, lower whorl of flower parts. Function to protect, photosynthesize, and attract pollinators.

Front 38

Calyx

Back 38

Collective term for sepals of one flower.

Front 39

Petals

Include function

Back 39

Second whorl of flower parts. Function to attract pollinators.

Front 40

Corolla

Back 40

Collective term for petals of one flower.

Front 41

Perianth

Back 41

Collective term for calyx and corolla.

Front 42

Tepals

Back 42

Collective term for sepal and petals when they look alike.

Front 43

Stamens

Back 43

Pollen producing structures. Male part of flower. Consist of filament supporting anther.

Front 44

Pollen

Back 44

Micro-gametophyte where sperm are produced.

Front 45

Anther

Back 45

Where pollen is produced.

Front 46

Androecium

Back 46

Collective term for male part of flower.

Front 47

Carpel

Back 47

Ovule producing structure. Consists of ovary, style, stigma. Female part of plant.

Front 48

Ovule

Back 48

Contains embryo sac.

Front 49

Style

Back 49

Supports stigma

Front 50

Stigma

Back 50

Female part of plant where pollen is deposited.

Front 51

Placenta

Back 51

Tissue lining ovary that bears ovules.

Front 52

Pistil

Back 52

Generalized term for female structure of flower.

Front 53

Simple Pistil

Back 53

Carpels single or separate.

Front 54

Compound Pistil

Back 54

2 or more fused carpels

Front 55

Gynoecium

Back 55

Consists of one or more pistils.

Front 56

Parietal Placentation

Back 56

Ovules attached along ovary wall. Carpel is primitive: a folded megasporophyll with ovules along fused margins.

Front 57

Axile Placentation

Back 57

Ovules attached to a septum in the center of the ovary.

Front 58

Locule

Back 58

Chamber inside ovary where ovules are found.

Front 59

Complete Flower

Back 59

All whorls present.

Front 60

Incomplete Flower

Back 60

One or more whorls missing.

Front 61

Perfect Flower

Back 61

Both reproductive whorls present.

Front 62

Imperfect Flower

Back 62

One reproductive whorl missing.

Front 63

Hermaphroditic Plants

Back 63

Plants with perfect flowers.

Front 64

Monoecious Plants

Back 64

Plants with imperfect flowers in which both sexes are on the same plant.

Front 65

Dioecious Plants

Back 65

Plants with imperfect flowers, in which each sex is on a different plant.

Front 66

Connate Flower

Back 66

Parts of one whorl fused to each other.

Front 67

Gamopetaly (Sympetaly)

Back 67

Fused petals.

Front 68

Syncarpy

Back 68

Fused carpels.

Front 69

Adnate Flower

Back 69

Parts of one whorl fused to parts of another whorl.

Front 70

Epipetalous Stamens

Back 70

Stamens adnate to petals.

Front 71

Superior Ovary

Back 71

Ovary above other parts of flower.

Front 72

Inferior Ovary

Back 72

Ovary below other parts of flower.

Front 73

Hypogynous

Back 73

Describes flower with other parts of flower below ovary.

Front 74

Epigynous

Back 74

Describes flower with other parts of flower above ovary.

Front 75

Perigynous

Back 75

Describes flower with ambiguous arrangement of other flower parts relative to ovary.

Front 76

Actinomorphic Symmetry

Back 76

Radial symmetry.

Front 77

Zygomorphic Symmetry

Back 77

Bilateral symmetry.

Front 78

Fruit

Back 78

Mature Ovary

Front 79

Name the 3 functions attributed to fruit.

Back 79

1. Dispersal of seed.
2. Nutrition for developing embryo.
3. Protection of seeds.

Front 80

Inflorescence

Back 80

Term for flowering part of a plant. All of the flowers in aggregate.

Front 81

Infructescence

Back 81

Inflorescence after flowering is over and the fruits have ripened.

Front 82

Pollination

Back 82

Act of transferring pollen from anther or male cone to stigma or female cone; restricted to seed plants.

Front 83

Fertilization

Back 83

Act of fusion between sperm and egg--must follow pollination in seed plants.

Front 84

Spore

Back 84

The product of meiosis. First cell in the haploid (1n) or gametophyte generation in plants.

Front 85

Gamete

Back 85

The haploid cells that participate in fertilization, egg and sperm. In angiosperms pollen grain and embryo sac.

Front 86

Gametangia

Back 86

Produce gametes.

Front 87

Free Living

Back 87

Depending only on itself for nutrients.

Front 88

Dependent

Back 88

Depending on previous generation in life cycle for nutrients.

Front 89

Who is dependent in seed plants: sporophyte or gametophyte?

Back 89

Gametophyte

Front 90

Name the five types of seed plants.

Back 90

Cycads, Ginko, Conifers, Gnetophytes, Angiosperms

Front 91

Five groups of evidence for monophyletic origin of angiosperms.

Back 91

1. Carpel
2. Bitegmic ovules
3. Triploid endosperm
4. Sieve tubes
5. Reduced female gametophytes

Front 92

Bitegmic Ovules

Back 92

2 Integuments

Front 93

Integuments

Back 93

Surround the ovule and become the seed coat

Front 94

Sieve Tubes

Back 94

In phloem conduct fluid from leaves to other parts of plants.

Front 95

Name the 4 characteristics of monocots.

Back 95

1. Single cotyledon
2. Scattered vascular bundles
3. Parallel venation
4. Pollen with single aperture

Front 96

Wind pollinated plant families we've learned (2):

Back 96

Betulaceae, Fagaceae

Front 97

Basal dicot plant families we've learned (3):

Back 97

Magnioliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae

Front 98

Magnioliaceae description (8)

Back 98

-Woody
-Leaves simple + alternate
-Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, large
-3 sepals, 6-many petals
-Many helically disposed stamens
-Separated carpels with helically disposed simple pistils
-Superior ovary
-Elongated receptacle

Front 99

Ranunculaceae description (8)

Back 99

-Herbs
-Leaves alternate, compound
-Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual
-Flower parts usually in 5
-Many simple pistils
-Superior ovary
-Many stamens

Front 100

Berberidaceae description (4)

Back 100

-Herbs or shrubs
-Leaves alternate, spiral, sometimes spines
-Flowers bisexual, radial
-Flower parts usually in sets of 3, pollen grains tricolpate

Front 101

Betulaceae descripiton (7)

Back 101

-Monoecious trees
-Leaves alternate, simple, doubly serrate, pinnate veination
-Male flowers in catkins w/subtended bract
-Female flowers cones w/subtended bract, axile placentation
-2 carpeled pistil
-Inferior ovary
-1 seeded fruit

Front 102

Fagaceae description (5)

Back 102

-Trees or shrubs
-Tannins
-Leaves alternate, spiral, simple, lobed, pinnate venation
-Flowers unisexual, catkins, radial, in parts of 6, tricolpate, inferior ovary, axile placentation, stigma separate
-Female flowers subtended by many bracts
-Fruit nut w/spiny bract

Front 103

Deciduous

Back 103

Dies at end of growing season

Front 104

Sporophyte

Back 104

2n, produces spores

Front 105

Fertilization produces a ____ which grows into a ____.

Back 105

zygote, sporophyte

Front 106

5 characteristics of angiosperms

Back 106

-Carpel
-Bitegmic ovule
-Triploid endosperm
-Reduced female gametophyte
-Sieve tubes

Front 107

In what vascular plants are both generations free living?

Back 107

Ferns

Front 108

In mosses, what generation is dependent?

Back 108

Sporophyte

Front 109

Why are dicots a paraphyletic group?

Back 109

Having 2 dicotyledons is the primitive character state, they are the ancestors of monocots and thus not a monophyletic group.

Front 110

Free Central Placentation

Back 110

Where ovules develop on a central column in a compound ovary lacking septa

Front 111

Characteristics of wind pollination. (8)

Back 111

-Flowers appear before leaves
-Large number of flowers
-Flowers in catkins
-Individual flowers inconspicuous and small
-Big stamens w/lots of pollen
-Ratio pollen to ovaries high
-Flower sexes separate
-No scent or reward

Front 112

Gymnosperm

Back 112

Seed plant w/o ovary

Front 113

Best method to assess character polarity.

Back 113

Outgroup

Front 114

Haploid generation called:

Back 114

Gametophyte

Front 115

Diploid generation called:

Back 115

Sporophyte

Front 116

Polypetalous

Back 116

Having a corolla with separate petals.

Front 117

Follicle

Back 117

Dry fruit derived from a single carpel that opens along a single longitudinal suture

Front 118

In seed plants, who is dominant, who is dependent?

Back 118

Sporophyte dominant, gametophyte dependent

Front 119

Endosperm

Back 119

Triploid nutritive tissue in seed of most angiosperms. Derived from fusion of sperm w/polar nucleii of female gametophyte.

Front 120

Ethereal Oils

Back 120

Aromatic, highly volatile secondary plant compounds

Front 121

Embryo Sac

Back 121

Female gametophyte of the angiosperms.