Biol 305 -- Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes

Front 1

Most of the gram (-) bacteria that cause disease and are chemoheterotrophic belong to phylum _________

Back 1

Proteobacteria

Front 2

Alpha Proteobacteria characteristics

Back 2

1. Can grow in low levels of nutrients
2. Some have buds or stalks called prosthecae
3. agriculturally important
4. common in soil and bodies of water

Front 3

Azosirillum: class? where it's found? function?

Back 3

-Alpha proteobacteria
-found in soil
-fixes atmospheric nitrogen

Front 4

Rickettsia: class? shape? how it is transmitted? what it causes? how it replicates?

Back 4

-Alpha proteobacteria
-rod-shaped
-transmitted to humans by insects and ticks
-causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
-obligate intercelular parasite; has to replicate inside host cell

Front 5

Caulobacter: class? life cycle?

Back 5

- Alpha proteobacteria
- cell has flagella but loses it when finds appropriate nutrients and produces stalk; when it replicates, the daughter cell gets a flagella; it too will eventually form a stalk

Front 6

Rhizobium: class? function?

Back 6

-Alpha Proteobacteria
- fixes atmospheric nitrogen; ex: converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia which plants can use

Front 7

Agrobacterium tumefaciens: class? function?

Back 7

-Alpha proteobacteria
-A plant pathogen that causes crown gall. The cell inserts a bacterial plasmid into the DNA of a plant cell; horizontal transfer between two domains of life

Front 8

Nitrobacter: class? function? energy and carbon source?

Back 8

- Alpha proteobacteria
- oxidizes NO2- to NO3- (nitrite to nitrate)
- chemoautotroph

Front 9

Nitrosomonas: class? function? energy and carbon source?

Back 9

- Beta proteobacteria
- oxidizes NH4+ to NO2- (ammonia to nitrite)

Front 10

Beta Proteobacteria characteristics

Back 10

use nutrients (such as hydrogen gas, ammonia, and methane) that diffuse away from areas of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter

Front 11

Thiobacillus: class? function?

Back 11

-Beta Proteobacteria
- sulfur-oxidizing (most important part of the sulfur cycle)

Front 12

Neisseria: class? function?

Back 12

-Beta Proteobacteria
- the causative agent of the STD gonorrhea

Front 13

Gonorrhea

Back 13

- A prevalent STD, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (a gram negative diplococci called gonococcus); spreads by sexual contact; organism attaches to mucosal cells of the epithelium of urogenital tract by fimbrae; inflammation occurs, WBCs come to site and pus is formed

Front 14

Symptoms of Gonorrhea

Back 14

primary symptoms:
1. in males, a urethral discharge
2. in females, a vaginal discharge (maybe), abdominal pain

can be treated with antibiotics and can reoccur

Front 15

Symptoms of untreated Gonorrhea

Back 15

1. in males, organism ascends urethra to vas deferens, to epididymis to testes. may result in sterility
2. in females, organism goes to uterus, to fallopian tubes, get Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID); sterility as well.
3. In both sexes, gonorrheal endocarditis meningitis, eye infection, pharynx infection, joint infection may occur.
4. Also, ophlamia neonatorum infection in the eyes of newborns

Front 16

Gamma Proteobacteria characteristics

Back 16

majority of gram (-) that causes diseas ein humans

Front 17

Order Pseudomonales: class?characteristics? example?

Back 17

-gamma proteobactiera
-gram (-) aerobic rods or cocci
-Pseudomonas: rod P. aeruginosa is an apportunistic pathogen--can cause pneumonia and nosocomial infections; metabolizes large numbers of substrates

Front 18

Vibrio cholerae: class? function?

Back 18

- gamma proteobacteria
- the caustative agent of cholera

Front 19

Order Enterobacteriales: class? characteristics?

Back 19

- gamma proteobacteria
- facultatively anaerobic rods
that inhabit the intestinal tracts

Front 20

Family Escherichia: Order? Class?

Back 20

Order: Enterobacteriales
Class: Gamma Proteobacteria

Front 21

Salmonella is divided into how many serovars? class?

Back 21

- Gamma Proteobacteria
- S. enterica is a single species and is divided into 2400 serovars

Front 22

Serovar

Back 22

serotypes; based on the cell surface antigens

Front 23

Beggiatoa alba: class? function?

Back 23

- Gamma Proteobacteria
- oxidizes H2S to SO4, grows in/on stagnant water and sulfur springs

Front 24

Yersinia Pestis: class? function? characteristics?

Back 24

-Gamma Proteobacteria
- The black death (due to subcutaneous hemorrhaging)
-gram negative rod

Front 25

bubonic plague vs. pneumonic plague

Back 25

- infection of lymph nodes
- infection of lungs

Front 26

Delta Proteobacteria

Back 26

-include some predatory bacteria, prey on other bacteria
- also contribute to the sulfur cycle

Front 27

Bdellovibrio: class? function?

Back 27

-Delta Proteobacteria
- attaches to a gram (-) bacteria, passes through the outer membrane and replicates in the periplasm

Front 28

Desulfovibrio: class? function?

Back 28

- Delta Proteobacteria
- sulfur reducer, found in anaerobic sediments

Front 29

Epsilon Proteobacteria

Back 29

-Helical or vibriod shape

Front 30

Helicobacter pylori: causes? class?

Back 30

-Epsilon proteobacteria
- causes peptic ulceres and potentially gastric cancer
- a gram (-) spiral shaped rod
- gets into stomach and produces the enzyme urease which increases the pH; H. pylori can now replicate at a higher pH.
-Damages stomach mucosa

Front 31

The non-proteobacteria, Gram negative bacteria

Back 31

-a phylum in domain bacteria
- not closely related to proteobacteria
-many physiologically distinct groups

Front 32

Cyanobacteria

Back 32

-The non-proteobacteria, Gram negative bacteria
- blue-green algae
- undergo photosynthesis; produce oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis
-various morphological forms

Front 33

Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

Back 33

-The non-proteobacteria, Gram negative bacteria
-anaerobic
- found in deep ponds or sediments
- carry out photosynthesis; oxygen is NOT produced
-are photoautotrophs that use light energy and CO2 but do not produce O2.

Front 34

Purple sulfur bacteria belong to which phylum?

Back 34

Alpha Proteobacteria

Front 35

Nonsulfur bacteria to which phylum?

Back 35

Gamma Proteobacteria

Front 36

Gram positive bacteria are divided into whoch two groups?

Back 36

1. Those that have a low G + C ratio (Firmacutes)
2. Those that have a high G + C ratio (Actinobacteria)

Front 37

Clostridium: phylum? causes?

Back 37

-Phylum Firmacutes
- obligate anaerobes and spore formers
- C. botulinum causes botulism
- C. tetani causes tetanus

Front 38

Epulopiscium: phylum? information?

Back 38

- Phylum Firmacutes
- lives in the gut of the Red Sea surgeon fish
- discovered in 1991
- 80 micrometers by 800 micrometers
- Is a bacterium according to its rRNA but it's visible to the naked eye

Front 39

What are two gram positive bacteria that are spore-forming facultatove anaerobes?

Back 39

1. Bacillus anthracis: causes anthrax
2. Staphylococcus aureus: a ubiquitous bacteria on the human skin; can be an opportunistic pathogen; causes food poisoning, toxic shock, and surgical infection

Front 40

Streptococcus

Back 40

-gram positive bacterium phylum

Front 41

Mycoplasma: phylum?

Back 41

Gram-positive bacteria; causes pneumonia; has no cell wall and is very very small!!