Biol 240W Exam Iii

Front 1

three basic plant organs

Back 1

leaves stems roots

Front 2

part of stem where leaves or other lateral organs attach

Back 2

node

Front 3

region between two nodes

Back 3

internode

Front 4

tip of shoot where growth and organ differentiation occur

Back 4

apical bud

Front 5

upper surface of leaf/stem junction has these - can make shoots but most are dormant

Back 5

axillary bud

Front 6

where main stem is taller than all the other stems, usually in response to light

Back 6

apical dominance

Front 7

what are roots specialized for

Back 7

anchorage, water scavenging, and mineral uptake

Front 8

this type of plant has a taproot

Back 8

eudicot

Front 9

type of plant that does not have a taproot

Back 9

monocot and seedless vascular plants

Front 10

roots that grow from stems

Back 10

adventitious roots

Front 11

single cells that project from roots, absorb water and minerals

Back 11

root hairs

Front 12

the solar collector on a leaf

Back 12

blade

Front 13

part of leaf that joins blade to stem at node

Back 13

petiole

Front 14

type of leaf: single leaf per blade

Back 14

simple

Front 15

type of leaf: more than one leaflet per blade

Back 15

compound

Front 16

type of leaf: has secondary leaflets

Back 16

doubly compound

Front 17

how to tell what kind of leaf it is?

Back 17

look for axillary bud

Front 18

roots in maize that provide physical support

Back 18

adventitious roots

Front 19

how is the radish root modified

Back 19

has a taproot adapted for food/water storage

Front 20

root modification in mangrove that live underwater

Back 20

roots grow up to capture the oxygen - pneumatophores

Front 21

horizontal, underground stems

Back 21

rhizomes

Front 22

stem modification of the onion

Back 22

modified stem surrounded by storage leaves

Front 23

leaf modification in the pea, use for support

Back 23

tendrils, used for physical support, wrap around objects

Front 24

modified leaves used for defense, in what?

Back 24

spines, such as in cactus; photosynthesis is in stem instead

Front 25

three main tissues in the plant

Back 25

dermal, vascular, and ground tissue

Front 26

covering on leaves and stems

Back 26

waxy cuticle

Front 27

non woody plants

Back 27

herbaceous plants

Front 28

dermal layer in herbaceous (nonwoody) plants is one cell layer called

Back 28

epidermis

Front 29

in woody plants, dermal tissue is multiple layers called

Back 29

periderm

Front 30

vascular tissue that transports water

Back 30

xylem

Front 31

vascular tissue that transports sugar and other large molecules

Back 31

phloem

Front 32

ground tissue inside vascular tissue

Back 32

pith

Front 33

ground tissue outside vascular tissue

Back 33

cortex

Front 34

specializations of ground tissue

Back 34

photosynthesis, storage, support

Front 35

differences in plants from animal cells

Back 35

chloroplast, large central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata

Front 36

allows direct cytoplasmic connection of one cell to its neighbor

Back 36

plasmodesmata

Front 37

two types of cell walls

Back 37

primary and secondary

Front 38

cell wall common to all plant cells; thin and flexible, not lignified

Back 38

primary cell wall

Front 39

cell wall laid down in some cell types, thick and stiff, highly lignified

Back 39

secondary cell wall

Front 40

which plant cell wall is laid down first?

Back 40

primary

Front 41

specialized plant cell type: parenchyma

Back 41

no secondary cell wall
large central vacuole at maturity
ground tissue
often photosynthetic
relatively undifferentiated
totipotent

Front 42

ability of cells to regenerate entire organism or differentiate into any kind of cell in an organism

Back 42

totipotent

Front 43

specialized plant cell type: collenchyma

Back 43

often found in strands just below epidermis
ground tissue
thicker primary wall, no secondary cell wall
flexible (not rigid) support
support without growth restraint
living at maturity

Front 44

specialized plant cell type: sclerenchyma

Back 44

rigid support cells with secondary cell walls
ground tissue
often dead at maturity
can form fiber cells or sclerids

Front 45

specialized plant cell type: tracheids

Back 45

conduct water in xylem
vascular tissue
dead at maturity
thick, lignified cell walls
thin, hard tuves allow water to flow
pits in these enable water movement from cell to cell

Front 46

specialized plant cell types: vessel elements

Back 46

more efficient than tracheids, are more like pipes for the water to travel through
basically just left over dead cell walls

Front 47

specialized plant cell types: sieve-tube elements

Back 47

water conducting paths in phloem of angiosperms
alive at maturity
form little pipes
sieve plates allow water flow between cells

Front 48

specialized plant cell types: companion cells

Back 48

work with sieve-tube element, connected to them via plasmodesmata
functions in sugar loading and unloading

Front 49

specialized plant cell types: trichomes

Back 49

dermal tissue that work in defense
spiky, hair like outgrowths
secrete oils, provide physical barrier against insects

Front 50

grows in size continuously throughout life

Back 50

indeterminate growth

Front 51

properties of meristem

Back 51

active cell division
undifferentiated cells
cells are small, unexpanded
products of cell division either differentiate or remain meristematic

Front 52

growth in length of apical meristem

Back 52

primary growth

Front 53

apical meristem responsible for vertical growth, dominant over others

Back 53

shoot apical meristem

Front 54

apical meristem found above peitole/node junctions; subordinant to SAM

Back 54

axillary bud meristem

Front 55

apical meristem that increases root length

Back 55

root apical meristem

Front 56

this growth in apical meristems produces three major tissues

Back 56

primary growth
dermal, ground and vascular

Front 57

zone in root where primary growth occurs; has root apical meristem at the core

Back 57

cell division zone

Front 58

zone in root where primary growth occurs; most root growth is the result of this zone

Back 58

elongation zone

Front 59

zone in root where primary growth occurs; cells take on their final form here

Back 59

differentiation zone

Front 60

in primary growth, protects meristem during growth, secretes slime

Back 60

root cap

Front 61

primary growth in roots: specialized epidermal cells responsible for almost all mineral and water uptake

Back 61

root hairs

Front 62

waterproof strips surrounding vascular tissue in roots; is a control region that allows you to decide what to bring in and what not to

Back 62

endodermis

Front 63

outermost layer of cells within vascular bundle of root

Back 63

pericycle

Front 64

these protect the shoot apical meristem

Back 64

primordia leaves encase it

Front 65

size increase is a function of this,not cell division

Back 65

cell expansion

Front 66

axillary bud meristems are derived from this

Back 66

islands of meristematic cells

Front 67

lateral root growth vs lateral shoot growth

Back 67

lateral roots rip through tissue to expand, whereas shoots do not rip through tissue

Front 68

term for the fact that upper blades of grass can be removed and still regrow easily; why we can cut the grass

Back 68

intercalary meristems at leaf bases

Front 69

differences between eudicot and monocot stem organization

Back 69

eudicot stem: vascular bundles arranged in rings; ground tissue separated into cortex and pith
monocot stem: vascular bundles are scattered; ground tissue not separated

Front 70

part of leaf closer to axis of shoot

Back 70

adaxial

Front 71

part of leaf farther from axis of shoot

Back 71

abaxial

Front 72

adaxial part of leaf characteristics:

Back 72

densely packed palisade mesophyll cells, high density of chloroplasts

Front 73

abaxial part of leaf characteristics:

Back 73

loosely packed spongy mesophyll cells
air spaces allow gas exchange
typically a higher density of stomata

Front 74

pores in the epidermis that allow gas exchange

Back 74

stomata

Front 75

specialized cells in the dermal tissue; inflate and deflate to regulate size of stomatal pore

Back 75

guard cell

Front 76

these cells regulate gas exchange and water loss through the stomata

Back 76

guard cells

Front 77

cells important in photosynthesis that surround veins

Back 77

bundle sheath

Front 78

thin layer of meristematic cells between primary xylem and primary phloem

Back 78

vascular cambium

Front 79

dermal tissue that protects a tree; is constantly being destroyed and reformed due to lateral growth

Back 79

cork cambium

Front 80

how does age affect secondary xylem and phloem

Back 80

only most recent secondary phloem is functional, older secondary xylem no longer functional

Front 81

wood is made of this tissue

Back 81

secondary xylem

Front 82

this connects secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Back 82

vascular ray

Front 83

plant cell expansion driven by this

Back 83

water potential

Front 84

water potential equation

Back 84

water potential = solute potential + pressure potential

Front 85

shrinkage of cytoplasm and detachment from cell wall in hypertonic solution

Back 85

plasmolysis

Front 86

makes healthy plants stiff

Back 86

turgor pressure

Front 87

why do plants wilt

Back 87

no water to push on cells, so no turgor pressure, thus cells become flaccid

Front 88

why do plant cells increase one direction but not another

Back 88

bands of cellulose fibers wrap around the cell; so cell can easily expand in length but not in girth

Front 89

organism that requires organic compounds for energy

Back 89

heterotroph

Front 90

organism that requires inorganic compounds for energy

Back 90

autotroph

Front 91

organism that uses photoshynthesis for energy source

Back 91

photoautotroph

Front 92

photosynthetic organelle derived from endosymbiosis

Back 92

plastid

Front 93

descendants of this organism gave rise to land plants

Back 93

green algae

Front 94

why did plants move onto land?

Back 94

photons, CO2, minerals, less herbivores (initially)

Front 95

problems of living on land

Back 95

water loss, water transport, support against gravity

Front 96

earliest diverging lineage from nonland plants; no vascular tissue, little structural support, cannot grow tall

Back 96

bryophytes

Front 97

bryophyte sexual reproduction

Back 97

mobile sperm - must live in moist environment; no seeds, uses spores for dispersal and reproduction

Front 98

came after bryophytes, and outcompeted them

Back 98

seedless vascular plants

Front 99

type of plant tissue specialized for water transport and things that can dissolve in water

Back 99

vascular tissue

Front 100

conducts water and some minerals, typically up from ground toward leaves/apex

Back 100

xylem

Front 101

conducts sugars from source to sink tissues

Back 101

phloem

Front 102

rigid polymer that reinforces xylem

Back 102

lignin

Front 103

root system of seedless, vascular plants

Back 103

better scavenging of water, anchorage for larger above ground body

Front 104

seedless vascular plant reproduction

Back 104

spores, not seeds; retain mobile sperm which are dependent on moist climates

Front 105

these vascular, seedless plants caused a worldwide increase in photosynthesis, 5 fold decrease in CO2, global cooling and started the carboniferous period

Back 105

lycophyte forests

Front 106

two key innovations of seed plants

Back 106

seeds and pollen

Front 107

multicellular embryo with a stored food supply and sealed in a protective coat

Back 107

seed

Front 108

advantages of seeds

Back 108

long dormancy period
exploit animals for dispersal
stored food eases transition to autotrophy

Front 109

advantages of pollen

Back 109

no water or moist environment needed for transportation
can go long distances

Front 110

alternation of generations

Back 110

multicellular diploid phase alternates with a multicellular haploid phase

Front 111

diploid

Back 111

contains 2 copies of each chromosome

Front 112

haploid

Back 112

contains 1 copy of each chromosome

Front 113

land plant evolution characterized by transition from

Back 113

gametophytic dominance to sporophytic dominance

Front 114

gymnosperms are

Back 114

seeds not surrounded by fruit

Front 115

opening in integument of gymnosperms that allows for fertilization

Back 115

micropyle

Front 116

male part of angiosperm

Back 116

filament and anther

Front 117

female part of angiosperm

Back 117

ovary, style connects stigma to ovary

Front 118

fruit is

Back 118

developed ovaries around a seed (ovule)

Front 119

this undergoes mitosis in angiosperms to produce male gametophyte

Back 119

microsporocyte - meiosis - results in microspore

Front 120

this dead end tissue serves for nutrient storage for the embryo and seedling

Back 120

endosperm

Front 121

a seed leaf

Back 121

cotyledon

Front 122

monocots have __ cotyledons

Back 122

one

Front 123

dicotes have __ cotyledons

Back 123

two

Front 124

traits important for crop domestication

Back 124

tasty (high in carbs, protein and fat)
accessibility (grains, fruits, edible parts scatter easily then they are harder to harvest)

Front 125

maize's predecessor

Back 125

teosinte

Front 126

teosinte characteristics

Back 126

tiny, hard kernels
each row of kernels surrounded by a thick husk
kernals loose at maturity, explode everywhere

Front 127

maize characteristics

Back 127

giant, sweet kernels
kernels stay attached to cob
husk envelopes entire cob

Front 128

how does breeding work

Back 128

scrambles genes into new combinations followed by selection

Front 129

why are wild relatives of crops important

Back 129

modern breeding often employs crosses between wild relatives with domesticated crops

Front 130

some segment of its dna derived from a lab

Back 130

transgenic or genetically modified plant

Front 131

describe Bt

Back 131

BT is a soil bacterium that kills insects; recently put into crops, so plants make the toxin

Front 132

ecological concerns of transgenic plants

Back 132

transgene escape (grass etc becomes BT)
offtarget effects (will it hurt insect population)

Front 133

part of flower that receives pollen

Back 133

stigma