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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are organic molecules? |
Molecules that are found in or derived from living organisms and contain carbon and hydrogen arranged in rings or chains |
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What is an example of an organic molecule and why? |
Ethane (CH3CH3) because it contains both carbon and hydrogen. |
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What are biomolecules and macromolecules? |
Subsets of organic molecules found in or produced by living organisms |
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What are the 4 biomolecules? |
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
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What are biomolecules? |
Made of smaller molecules put together to make larger molecules |
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What are Monomers (building blocks or subunits)? |
The smaller molecules that make up large biomolecules |
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What is a polymer? |
Many monomers strung together to make up a large molecule (Like a necklace. Monomers are the beads and the necklace is the polymer) |
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What is the monomer to the polymer, Carbohydrate? |
Monosaccharide |
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What is the monomer to the polymer, Protein? |
Amino Acids |
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What is the monomer to the polymer, Nucleic Acid? |
Nucleotides |
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What is the monomer to the polymer, Lipid? |
There is none |
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How are monomers strung together to form polymers by? |
Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation Reactions |
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What happens with dehydration synthesis (condensation)? |
Two molecules covalently bond to form a larger one by the removal of a water molecule |
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What happens with hydrolysis? |
A larger molecule is broken down into two smaller ones by the addition of a water molecule |
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Which class of biomolecules range in size from small sugar molecules (monosaccharides, ex sugar) to large molecules (polysaccharides, ex starch) |
Carbohydrates |
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What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? |
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
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What is the primary role of carbohydrates? |
To provide energy for all the cells in the body. Serves as instant energy sources and as transportable or storable forms of energy |
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What do cells also use carbohydrates for? |
As the building blocks and as signaling molecules and storage |
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What is the most common monosaccharide? |
Glucose |
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What are disaccharides? |
Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reaction |
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What do disaccharides include? |
Maltose: glucose + glucose Lactose: glucose + galactose Sucrose: glucose + fructose |
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How are polysaccharides made? |
Many monosaccharides joined together through dehydration reactions |
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What are examples of polysaccharides? |
Glycogen, cellulose, and starch |
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What are ribose and deoxyribose examples of? |
Monosaccharides |
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What do lipids contain? |
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (but less oxygen than carbohydrates) |
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Are lipids water-fearing? |
Yes, they are hydrophobic molecules |
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Are lipids polar or nonpolar molecules? |
Nonpolar |
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Functions of Lipids |
1. Energy storage 2. Build cells 3. Cushion and protect 4. Hormones |
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What categories do lipids include? |
Fatty Acids Fats (triglycerides) Phospholipids Steroids |
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What are fatty acids? |
Chains of hydrogen and carbon 4 - 20 carbons long |
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Saturated Fatty Acids |
If they have only single bonds between the carbons in the tail |
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
Fatty acids with one or more double bonds between carbons |
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What are the most common fats in the body? |
Triglycerides |
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What are the biological roles of triglycerides? |
Function mainly as energy reservoirs Also cushion our organs and provide insulation |
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What are phospholipids? |
The main component of biological membranes |
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What are steroids? |
Lipids that do not contain fatty acid chains and consist of 4 carbon rings all fused together |
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What is cholesterol? |
(chole: bile + stereos: solid) Common steroid in animals. Makes up 30% of our cell membrane |
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What are proteins? |
The most abundant of all biomolecules and are vital in the normal function of the body. Essential for all living organisms |
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Major Functions of Proteins |
1. Support (structure) 2. Movement (contraction) 3. Transport (hemoglobin transports) 4. Buffering (prevent changes in pH) 5. Metabolic Regulation (enzymes) 6. Control (hormones) 7. Defense (antibodies) |
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What are amino acids? |
The legos of life - tiny bricks that snap together, forming the proteins |
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What are the monomers of proteins? |
Amino Acids (20 different amino acids found in proteins) |
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Structure of Amino Acids |
All have central carbon called alpha carbon then attached to that are 4 different groups: 1 amino group, 1 carboxyl group, 1 hydrogen group, 1 variable R group |
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What creates peptide bonds between amino acids? |
Dehydration Reaction |
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Dipeptide |
Two amino acids joined by a peptide bond |
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Polypeptide |
Larger chains of amino acids (less than 100) |
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What is a peptide with 100 or more amino acids? |
Protein |
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4 Levels of Protein Structure |
1. Primary: sequence of amino acids 2. Secondary: local structures (coils and folds in peptide chain) 3. Tertiary: overall 3-dimensional shape (folding of the polypeptides) 4. Quaternary: organization of the subunit (not all proteins will have multiple subunits, but many do) |
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How does a protein lose its function? |
If it unfolds and loses its 3-dimensional shape |
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What is denaturation primarily caused by? |
Shifts in pH or temperature, but also disruptions in ion concentrations |
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What are the most important proteins in the body? |
Enzymes |
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Substrates |
Reactants in the chemical (enzymatic) reaction |
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Active Site |
The region of the enzyme where the substrates will bind |
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Product |
The molecule produced b the enzymatic reaction. It is released from the active site following formation |
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What are nucleic acids? |
biomolecule polymers built from atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous |
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What are the monomers of nucleic acids? |
Nucleotides |
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Primary function of nucleic acids |
To store genetic information and direct protein synthesis in cells |
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What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids |
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
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3 components of nucleotide |
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base |
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Nucleotides that compose DNA/RNA have sugar called? |
Deoxyribose/Ribose |
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What are the different nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA? |
Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA) Both have Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine |
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How do nucleotides form nucleic acids? |
Dehydration Synthesis (removing water forms a covalent bond) |
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What is the most important source of energy in our cells? |
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) *primary source of the energy for activities in the cell) |
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Energy is required to _________ ATP and then that energy is ___________ when ATP is hydrolyzed |
create, released
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is the creation of ATP from ADP and the breakdown of ATP into ADP reversible? |
Yes, reversible chemical reaction |
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How many phosphate groups does ATP have? |
3 |