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319 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bone is a specialized _______ ________.
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connective tissue
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What are the general functions of bone tissue?
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- mechanical
- physiological |
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Another name for bone tissue is
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osseous tissue
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More specifically, the functions of the skeletal system are:
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mechanical:
- enable movement (through a lever system and points for muscle attachment) - provide support (framework) - provide protection (of internal organs) physiological: - provide storehouse for lipids and minerals (calcium and phosphate) - enable hemopoiesis (production of RBCs and WBCs in the marrow) |
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Elements that comprise bone (osseous tissue):
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- water
- proteins - mineral salts - vitamins |
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What mineral salts make up bone tissue?
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- calcium (over 90% stored in bones)
- phosphorus - magnesium - boron and manganese (limited quantities) - hydroxyapatite (makes bone matrix hard) |
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What vitamins make up bone tissue?
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- Vitamin A1
- Vitamin B12 - Vitamin C - Vitamin D |
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myelo-
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marrow
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osteomyelitis
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acute or chronic bone infection
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Without bones (and the calcium they contain) muscles _______
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cannot move (they need the calcium ions)
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The lamella in bone is full of ______ and ______
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calcium and phosphorus
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What hormones are associated with the skeletal system?
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- thyroid hormone
- sex hormones - somatotrophin (growth) hormone - parathyroid hormone (parathormone) - calcitonin |
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What hormones stimulate bone formation?
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- thyroid hormone
- sex hormones - somatotropin (growth) hormone |
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Is somatotropin (growth) hormone the same as HGH?
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no
somatotropin (STH) is growth hormone 1, produced naturally (unlike "HGH") HGH is produced by recombinant DNA technology (made in a lab) |
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What hormone stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone, thus increasing blood calcium?
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parathyroid hormone (parathrormone)
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What will result if the function of parathyroid hormone (parathormone) is not balanced?
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thinner bones
(hypercalcemic, hypercalcemia) |
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What is the function of calcitonin?
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to inhibit the function of osteoclasts
lowers blood calcium level |
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What is the term for low blood calcium?
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hypocalcemic
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What organs and hormones are involved in homeostasis of blood calcium levels?
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- calcitonin from the thyroid (lowers blood calcium)
- parathormone from the parathyroid (raises blood calcium) |
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How much of the total blood circulation is required by the bones?
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10%
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What active functional cells affect bone growth and development?
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- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoblasts - osteocytes - osteoclasts - bone-lining cells |
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What is an osteoprogenitor?
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an embryonic osteogenic precursur
(to osteoblasts) |
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What are osteoblasts?
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cells associated with bone formation and development
cells that synthesize new bone matrix as needed |
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What are osteocytes?
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mature bone cells that maintain bones
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What are osteoclasts?
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bone-destroying cells that create the bone marrow cavity
(so as osteoblasts build up the outside, osteoclasts eat away the bones from the inside) |
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What are bone-lining cells?
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cells derived from osteoblasts that create a barrier around bone tissue
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What active functional cells are involved in bone remodeling?
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- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts |
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Osteoclasts are catabolic and are formed from
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cells of the monocyte/macrophage line
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Describe spongy bone
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- site of red bone marrow in adults
- Haversian systems (osteons) are absent |
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Where is red bone marrow in adults?
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- in the spongy bone
- pelvic bones - ribs - sternum - vertebrae - some skull bones - ends of SOME long bones |
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What are the two modes of embryonic ossification/osteogenesis?
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- intramembranous
- cartilaginous (endochondral) |
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What is intramembranous ossification/osteogenesis?
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development that occurs directly on or within FIBROUS connective tissue membranes
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Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification/osteogenesis?
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- flat bones of skull
- mandible - clavicles |
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Which method of embryonic ossification/osteogenesis produces more bones?
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about 90% of bones are formed by cartilaginous (endochondral) ossification/osteogenesis
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What is the monophyletic theory of blood cell formation?
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that all mature blood cells (RBC, WBC, etc.) are formed from one generalized stem cell
this stem cell is called the pluripotential (pluripotent) stem cell |
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Where are the hemocytoblasts (pluripotential stem cells) found?
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among other places
- ilium - sternum |
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Explain the steps in embryonic intramembranous ossification/osteogenesis
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- mesenchyme (primitive connective tissue) differentiates into
- osteoprogenitor cells, then into - osteoblasts, which secrete matrix, surrounding themselves and form - osteocytes, which lie in lacunae, surrounded by calcium and hydroxyapatite deposits (ossification) - vascularized mesenchyme outside the bone becomes periosteum |
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By what method of embryologic ossification/osteogenesis are most bones created?
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approximately 90% of bones are created by cartilaginous (endochondral) ossification
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Explain the formation of bone through embryologic cartilaginous (endochondral) ossification
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- mesenchyme differentiates into
- chondroblasts, which produce hyaline cartilage (model); perichondrium develops around the cartilage model - chondrocytes then cause interstitial growth (growth from within) which is followed by - appositional growth (growth in thickness) - chondrocytes then hypertrophy (change in matrix pH triggers calcification and differentiation into osteoblasts) - compact bone forms - perichondrium differentiates into periosteum - capillaries grow and promote the periosteal bud - primary ossification center is established |
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diaphysis
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shaft of a bone
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periosteum
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fibrous membrane covering of a bone
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Sharpey's fibers
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fibers that penetrate from the periosteum into the bone
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epiphysis
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end of a long bone
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articular cartilage
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cartilage that covers the epipyhseal surface
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epiphyseal plate
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growth plate (youth)
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epiphyseal lines
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remnants of epiphyseal plate (in the adult)
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marrow cavity
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interior of the diaphysis
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endosteum
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lining of the shaft
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metaphysis
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between the epiphysis and diaphysis
during growth, this is the location of the epiphyseal plate |
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another term for osteon
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Haversian system
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Another word for Haversian system
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osteon
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What is the Haversian system/osteon?
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the basic unit of the bone
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Haversian canal
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series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae in the compact bone
parallel to the long axis of the bone surround blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve cells throughout the bone and communicate with osteocytes in lacunae through canaliculi conducive to mineral salt deposits and storage which gives bone tissue its strength generally contains one or two capillaries and nerve fibers |
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osteocyte
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a star-shaped cell found in compact bone, responsible for maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone
when osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they secrete, they become osteocytes osteocytes are networked to each other via long cytoplasmic extensions that occupy tiny canals called canaliculi, which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions the space that an osteocyte occupies is called a lacuna (Latin for a pit) |
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lacunae
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small spaces (pit or cavity) containing osteocytes in bone or chondrocytes in cartilage
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lamellae
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concentric layers of calcified bone within an osteon
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canaliculi
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microscopic passageways between cells; radiate from lacunae
occupied by extensions of OSTEOCYTES in bone, they permit diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes |
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Volkmann's canal
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also known as perforating holes/canals, they are microscopic structures found in compact bone
they run within the osteons perpendicular to the Haversian canals, interconnecting the latter with each other and the periosteum they also carry small arteries throughout the bone |
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Types/classifications of bone
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- long bones
- short bones - flat bones - sesamoid bones - irregular bones - (sutural bones - sometimes used) |
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What are some facts about long bones?
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- length greater than width
- determine length of extremities - 2 epiphyses and 1 diaphysis |
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Examples of long bones
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- femur
- humerus - radius - phalanges |
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Function of long bones
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lever connection for ligaments
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What are some facts about short bones?
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- length, width (and thickness) are about the same
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Examples of short bones
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- carpals
- tarsals |
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Function of short bones
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point of attachment for tendons
point of connection for ligaments |
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What are some facts about flat bones?
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flexible and thin
generally flat(ish) |
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Examples of flat bones
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- ribs
- sternum - scapula - most cranial bones |
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Function of flat bones
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protection
(protect brain, internal organs) |
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What are some facts about sesamoid bones?
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- generally roundish
- small bone imbedded within tendon |
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Examples of sesamoid bones
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- patella
- pisiform of carpal bones |
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Function of sesamoid bones
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to reduce friction
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What are some facts about irregular bones?
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don't fit any other category
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Examples of irregular bones
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- vertebrae
- facial bones - temporal bone |
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Function of irregular bones
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- support spinal cord
- protect against compression |
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What are sutural bones?
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these are sometimes included as another category of bone
they are bones which develop in the cranial sutures |
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Describe the gross anatomy of a long bone
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most consist of
- one diaphysis (tubular shaft) - two epiphyses (ends of bone) - metaphysis (junction between diaphysis and epiphyses) - articular cartilage (layer of hyaline cartilage covering each of the epiphyses) - medullary cavity |
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What comprises a metaphysis?
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the epiphyseal (growth) plate and adjacent bony trabeculae of the spongy bone
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What is a growth plate?
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the place where bone continues to grow after birth
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What type of cartilage is articular cartilage of long bones?
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hyaline
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What is contained in the medullary cavity?
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marrow (either yellow or red)
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Where are the medullary cavities containing yellow marrow?
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in the diaphyses of bones
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Where are the medullary cavities containing red marrow?
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in the epiphyses of bones
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What is yellow marrow
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mostly fat
contained in medullary cavities of diaphyses |
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What tissue lines medullary cavities?
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endosteum
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What is periosteum?
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outer cover of the bone
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Where is periosteum absent?
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at the articular surface
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Of what two broad substances is bone comprised?
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- matrix
- cells |
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Of what is the matrix of bone tissue comprised?
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- ground substance
- inorganic salts - collagenous fibers |
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How do inorganic salts and collagenous fibers affect bone?
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- inorganic salts give bone its hardness
- collagenous fibers in the matrix give bone its strength and flexibility |
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What inorganic salts are noted in bone matrix?
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- calcium phosphate
- calcium carbonate |
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How does the composition of bone matrix change with age?
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older people have more inorganic salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) than collagenous fibers
thus their bones are less flexible and more brittle |
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What are the five types of cells comprising bone?
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- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoblasts - osteocytes - osteoclasts - bone-lining cells |
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What are osteoprogenitor cells?
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cells that undergo mitosis and that can be transformed into osteoblasts
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Where are osteoprogenitor cells found in bone tissue?
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- in the endosteum and
- in the deepest layer of periosteum |
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Where are osteoblasts found?
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- in the periosteum and
- in growing portions of bones |
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What are osteocytes?
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cells derived from osteoblasts
the main cells of fully developed bones |
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What function do osteocytes perform?
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they regulate concentration of calcium in bodily fluids
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Where are osteocytes found?
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on the surface of bones
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What are osteocytes?
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cells derived from monocytes
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What function do osteoclasts perform?
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they are involved in bone resorption (breakdown)
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Where are osteoclasts located?
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on the surface of bones
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What are bone lining cells?
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cells derived from osteoblasts that form a barrier around bone tissue
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Where are bone lining cells found?
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on the surface of bones
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What are the two types of bone?
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- compact bone
- spongy bone |
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Describe compact bone
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- forms bone's outer shell
- hard and dense - comprised of osteons |
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Describe spongy bone
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- does not contain osteons
- made of trabeculae (tiny spikes of bone) - spaces between trabeculae - designed to withstand stress and support shifts in weight |
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What is bone modeling?
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alteration of a bone's size and shape during developmental growth
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What is bone remodeling?
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replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
osteoclasts destroy old bone osteoblasts lay down new bone |
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What hormones affect the remodeling of bone?
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parathyroid hormone (parathormone or PTH) stimulates mobilization of calcium from bone (breakdown/destruction by osteoclasts) and blood level of calcium rises (hypercalcemia)
thyroid hormone calcitonin counters PTH action by slowing resorption (inhibiting action of osteoclasts) and lowering blood calcium level should = homeostasis |
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What is a process?
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an outgrowth, projection, prominence
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What processes form joints?
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- condyles - large rounded ends (e.g., of femur)
- heads - rounded articular projection supported by the neck of the bone (e.g., of femur) - facet - small flat surface (e.g., of a vertebra) |
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What processes are sites for tendon and ligament attachment?
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- crest - a ridge (e.g., iliac)
- epicondyle - outgrowth above a condyle (e.g., medial epicondyle of femur) - linea - narrow ridge (e.g., linea aspera of the femur) - spine - sharp, slender process (e.g., of scapula) - trochanter - large projection present only on femur (greater and lesser) - tubercle - small rounded projection (e.g., greater tubercle of humerus) - tuberosity - broad, rounded, and roughened eminence (e.g., ischial) - sinus - hollow space within the bone (e.g., frontal) |
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Name the processes of joint formation and the processes of tendon/ligament attachment
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joint formation
- condyle - head - facet tendon/ligament attachment - crest - epicondyle - linea - spine - trochanter - tubercle - tuberosity - sinus |
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Name some depressions and/or openings
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- canal - narrow passageway (e.g., spinal canal)
- foramen - natural opening on a bone surface (e.g., obturator foramen) - fossa - depression in a bone (e.g., mandibular fossa) - groove - narrow surface (e.g., intertubercular groove "sulcus" of humerus) - meatus - canal within a bone (e.g., external auditory meatus) |
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Name some depressions/openings
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- canal
- foramen - fossa - groove - meatus |
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What are the two major divisions of the skeleton?
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- axial
- appendicular |
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What comprises the axial skeleton?
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- skull (28 bones; 8 cranial, 14 facial, 3 pr auditory ossicles)
- hyoid (1) - vertebral column (26/33; 7 cervial, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5/1 sacral, 4/1 coccygeal) - ribs (24; 7 true pairs, 5 false pairs, 2 of which are floating pairs) - sternum (1; 3 bones - manubrium, body, xiphoid process) |
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How many bones comprise the axial skeleton?
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80
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How many bones comprise the appendicular skeleton?
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126
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How many bones comprise the upper extremities? The lower extremities?
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64
62 |
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The axial skeleton forms the _______ axis of the body.
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longitudiinal
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What comprises the appendicular skeleton?
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upper extremities and pectoral girdles
lower extremities and pelvic girdles |
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Name and number of cranial bones
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- 1 frontal
- 1 occipital - 1 sphenoid - 1 ethmoid - 2 parietal - 2 temporal |
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Facts about frontal bone
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- forms most of forehead and foundation of bone under eyebrow
- contains frontal sinuses - supraorbital foramen |
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Facts about occipital bone
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- forms majority of base of skull
- occipital condyles articulate with C1 (Atlas) - foramen magnum |
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Facts about sphenoid bone
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- winged (looks like butterfly)
- greater and lesser wings - only cranial bone to touch all other cranial bones - sella turcica - houses pituitary gland - optic foramen - superior orbital fissure - foramen ovale - "temple" bone |
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What is the only cranial bone that touches all other cranial bones
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sphenoid bone
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Facts about ethmoid bone
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- in center of skull
- perpendicular plate (nasal septum) - 2 superior concha (turbinates) - 2 middle concha (turbinates) - cribriform plate - openings for olfaction - crista galli - ethmoid sinus |
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Facts about parietal bones
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- forms most of "roof" of cranium
- 4 sutures touch it ---- coronal ---- lambdoidal ---- sagittal ---- squamous |
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Facts about temporal bones
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- zygomatic arch (process)
- petrous part (houses ossicles) - mandibular fossa (for mandibular condyle--TMJ) - mastoid process - external auditory meatus - internal acoustic meatus - jugular foramen - carotid canal - styloid process |
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Facts about ossicles
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- hammer (malleus)
- anvil (incus) - stirrup (stapes) they are in the temporal bones |
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Name the four skull sutures of the parietal bones, and the bones with which they articulate.
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- coronal - with frontal
- lambdoidal - with occipital - sagittal - with other parietal - squamous - with temporal |
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Where does the spinal cord in an adult stop?
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between L1 and L2
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Where does the spinal cord in a child of about 12 stop?
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between L3 and L4
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Fontanelle names and locations
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- anterior/frontal (between 2 frontal and 2 parietal bones--larger)
- posterior/occipital (between 2 parietal bones and occipital bone--smaller) - also sphenoidal/anterolateral (F,P,S,T) and mastoid/posterolateral (T,O,P) laterally |
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What are the functions of the fontanelles?
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- allow skull to compress for birth
- allow for rapid brain growth - clinically significant in helping diagnose dehydration or intracranial pressure |
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Facts about the zygomatic bones
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- 2
- form cheek bones - articulate with temporal bone's zygomatic process |
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Facts about lacrimal bones
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- 2
- in orbital cavity - smallest facial bone |
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What is the smallest facial bone?
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the lacrimal bone
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Facts about the nasal bones
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- 2
- form bridge of nose - in contact with the frontal bone and 2 maxillas |
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Which 2 skull bones are paired?
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- parietal
- temporal others are frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid total 8 |
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Which 2 facial bones are not paired?
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- mandible
- vomer |
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Facts about maxillae bones
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- 2
- unite to form upper jaw (cleft palate when they don't) - do NOT articulate with mandible (temporal + mandible = jaw/TMJ) - palatine process - alveolar processes |
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Facts about palatine bones
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- 2
- compose posterior part of hard palate - compose part of floor of nasal cavity - compose part of floor of orbit |
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What is a suture?
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an immovable joint found only in adult skull
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What are fontanelles?
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membrane-covered spaces between incompletely ossified sutures
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How many paranasal sinuses in the skull?
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- 4 pairs
- frontal - ethmoid - maxillary - sphenoid |
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Facts about inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)
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- not part of ethmoid bone
- below middle conchae and/or lateral wall of nasal cavity |
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Are the inferior nasal conchae part of the ethmoid bone?
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no
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Facts about the mandible
|
- 1
- largest and strongest bone of the face - lower jaw - contains alveolar processes - part of the TMJ |
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What is the largest and strongest facial bone?
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mandible
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Facts about the vomer
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- 1
- forms the inferior and posterior part of nasal septum |
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Name the 7 bones of the orbit
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- frontal
- lacrimal - ethmoid - maxillae - sphenoid - palatine - zygomatic |
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Name the 6 structures of the nasal septum
|
- ethmoid
- maxillae - sphenoid - hyaline cartilage - palatine bone - vomer |
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What are the 2 groups of sinuses?
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- mastoid (1 pair - part of temporal bones)
- paranasal (4 pair - frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid) |
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Maxillary and sphenoid sinuses are not fully formed until
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the teenage years
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Facts about paranasal sinuses
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- lined in mucus and communicate with nasal cavity
- used in phonation (voice production) |
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Facts about paranasal sinuses
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- lined in mucus and communicate with nasal cavity
- used in phonation (voice production) |
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Sinuses also
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lighten the weight of the skull
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Facts about the hyoid bone
|
- only true "floating bone" in the body
- inferior to tongue root - superior to larynx - used in muscle attachment between tongue and throat |
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Sinuses also
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lighten the weight of the skull
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Facts about the hyoid bone
|
- only true "floating bone" in the body
- inferior to tongue root - superior to larynx - used in muscle attachment between tongue and throat |
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vertebral foramen
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contains spinal cord and its meninges
composed of vertebral arch and body |
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centrum (body)
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bears weight
anterior to vertebral foramen |
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transverse process
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lateral to vertebral foramen
muscle and ligament attachment |
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spinous process of a vertebra
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most posterior part
muscle and ligament attachment |
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vertebral arch
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posterior part that forms the vertebral foramen
comprised of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae |
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facets
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surfaces used for articulation
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laminae
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form posterior arch of vertebral foramen
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intervertebral foramen
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lateral vertebrae openings through which blood vessels and spinal nerves pass
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Main parts of a typical vertebra
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- body
- vertebral arch - several processes |
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What is atlas?
|
- C1
- called atlas because it supports the head (like Atlas supported the Earth) - articulates with occipital condyles - no body or spine - permits "yes" |
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How many cervical vertebrae are there?
|
7
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Each cervical vertebrae has _______ __________
|
transverse foramina
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What is axis?
|
- C2
- articulates with atlas and C3 - forms pivot joint for atlas - permits "no" |
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What is the dens?
|
- the odontoid process
- a protrusion that allows pivot of atlas |
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What is vertebra prominens?
|
- C7
- usually very visible through the skin - long, unforked spinous process with a tubercle at the tip |
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transverse foramen
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only in cervical vertebrae
allows passage of blood vessels |
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Facts about thoracic vertebrae
|
- T1 - T12
- articulate with ribs |
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Facts about lumbar vertebrae
|
- L1 - L5
- largest and strongest vertebrae; equipped for weight bearing - provide attachment for lower back muscles |
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Facts about the sacrum
|
- S1 - S5 (fused)
- four ossified intervertebral discs |
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sacral hiatus
|
gap between S4 and S5
can administer caudal anesthesia here |
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sacral promontory
|
projecting anterior edge of S1
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The sacrum supports
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both the spinal cord and the pelvis
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Facts about the coccyx
|
- Co1 - Co4 (fused)
|
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intervertebral discs
|
located between the bodies of the vertebrae
|
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The thorax is formed by
|
- bodies and intervertebral discs of 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 12 pairs of ribs, 12 costal cartilages and the sternum |
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Standard curves of the vertebral column
|
- cervical curve
- thoracic curve - lumbar curve - sacral curve - coccygeal curve |
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Describe the cervical curve when viewed A/P
|
- concave at birth
- convex later so infant can hold head up |
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Describe the thoracic curve when viewed A/P
|
concave
|
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Describe the lumbar curve when viewed A/P
|
- concave at birth
- convex later so infant can stand |
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Describe the sacral curve when viewed A/P
|
concave
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Describe the coccygeal curve when viewed A/P
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concave
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What 3 parts comprise the sternum?
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- manubrium
- body - xiphoid process |
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Name three variations in curvature of the vertebral column
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- scoliosis
- lordosis - kyphosis |
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What is scoliosis?
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abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column
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What is kyphosis?
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severely hump-shouldered or hunchback curvature
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What is lordosis?
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swayback
abnormal lumbar curvature |
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How many true ribs?
False ribs? Floating ribs? |
- 7 pairs, each of which touches the sternum with its own cartilage
- 5 pairs, which share cartilage to the sternum (8-10) or do not touch the sternum at all (11-12) - 2 pairs (11-12) which do not touch the sternum at all |
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What are intercostal spaces?
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- space between the ribs
- filled with muscle, some nerves, and some vessels |
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A typical rib is composed of
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- head
- neck - shaft |
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The manubrium articulates with
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- rib pair 1 and both clavicles
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What is the sternal angle?
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- between the manubrium and body
- where rib pair #2 attaches to sternum |
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What ribs articulate with the body of the sternum?
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pairs #2 - #7
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What is the xiphoid process?
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the inferior end of the sternum
has no rib attachment |
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The appendicular skeleton is composed of
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- the upper extremities
- the lower extremities (and their respective girdles) |
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What is the most commonly broken bone?
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clavicle
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With what does the clavicle articulate (both ends)?
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- medially with the manubrium
- laterally with the acromion process of scapula |
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How are the upper extremities connected to the axial skeleton?
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- by one joint and many muscles
(sternoclavicular joint between the manubrium and clavicle) |
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Why are humans prone to shoulder separation?
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because the pectoral girdle is held in place only by muscle and ligaments, rather than by the shape of the bone
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Which is longer, radius or ulna?
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ulna
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Where are the heads of the radius and ulna?
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- head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of humerus
- head of the ulna articulates with the carpals (distal) |
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What are the hip bones?
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- ilium
- ischium - pubis |
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What comprises the hip joint?
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- acetabulum of os coxa
- head of femur |
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What is the pelvic girdle?
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- 2 hipbones (os coxae)
- sacrum - coccyx |
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How are the metacarpals numbered?
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1-5
starting laterally (thumb) |
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Name the sesamoid bone in the wrist
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pisiform
sesamoid bone within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris |
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Where are the MCP joints?
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- metacarpophalangeal joints
- between metacarpals and phalanges - the knuckles of the hand |
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What are the joints between fingers called?
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interphalangeal joints
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Bones of the wrist
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hamate capitate trapezoid trapezium
pisiform triquetral lunate scaphoid |
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What is the pollex?
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thumb
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When does the fusion of the three bones of the hipbones take place?
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during adolescence
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What are the 3 joints associated with the os coxa?
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- sacroiliac joint
- sacrococcygeal joint - symphysis pubis |
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What is the pubic symphysis?
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the anterior joint where the hip bones are united
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What is the acetabulum?
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a fossa where the 3 hip bones fuse and where it receives the head of the femur to create a ball-and-socket joint
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Which is the largest of the three hipbones?
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ilium
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What is the lowest and strongest of the three hipbones?
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ischium
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What structure bears all our weight when we sit?
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ischial tuberosity
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Which hip bone has the greater and lesser sciatic notches?
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ilium
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Does the fibula articulate with (touch) the femur?
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no
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What bones articulate to comprise the knee?
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femur, tibia, patella
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Describe the syndesmosis between the tibia and fibula.
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a slightly movable articulation where continuous bony surfaces are united by interosseous ligament
a joint with a thick collection of connective tissue |
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Differences between male and female pelvises
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- female pelvis is lighter and wider
- bone markings of female pelvis are less obvious - female sacrum is less curved, thus greater distance between coccyx and symphysis - ischial tuberosities are further apart and turned outward on female pelvis, thus pubic arch has wider angle - pelvis has larger opening in the female |
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What is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body?
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femur
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Function of the patella
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muscle attachment
protection of knee joint |
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What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
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patella
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What is the largest bone in the body?
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tibia
(not femur? largest how, diameter?) |
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Is the fibula weight-supporting?
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no, only the tibia carries weight
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What is the medial malleolus?
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the distal end of the tibia
inner ankle articulates with talus |
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What is the lateral malleolus?
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distal end of the fibula
outer ankle articulates with talus |
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Although the fibula doesn't bear any weight, it is important for ______
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movement of the ankle
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What is unique about the talus?
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it supports ALL body weight, as it articulates with both the tibia and fibula
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What do the distal heads of the metatarsals form?
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the ball of the foot
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How are the metatarsals numbered?
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1-5 medial to lateral
starting at hallux |
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What is the highest (most superior/cephalic/proximal) bone of the foot?
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talus
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Names of tarsals
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medial, intermed, lateral, cuboid
-------cuneiforms----------- navicular, talus, calcaneus |
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What are articulations?
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points of contact between
- bone and cartilage - bone and bone - bone and teeth |
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What are the anatomical classifications of joints?
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- fibrous (little or no movement)
- cartilaginous (little or no movement) - synovial (move easily) |
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By what two methods are joints classified?
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- by their structure (presence or absence of joint cavity and supporting tissue binding bones together) (anatomical)
or by the extent of their functions and/or degree of movement (physiological) |
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What are the physiological classifications of joints?
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- synarthroses (immovable)
- amphiarthroses (slightly movable) - diarthroses (freely movable) |
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Fibrous joints allow for little or no movement. What are three types?
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- sutures (fibrous connective tissue between skull bones)
- syndesmosis (articulating bones united by dense fibrous connnective tissue; e.g., between shafts of radius and ulna) - gomphoses (fibrous peg-and-socket joints; e.g., teeth) |
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Cartilaginous joints allow for little or no movement. Name two.
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- synchondrosis (immovable temporary joint of hyaline cartilage joining diaphysis and epiphysis of growing long bones; epiphyseal plate)
- symphysis (bony surfaces bridged by plates or discs of fibrocartilage; slightly movable = amphiarthoses; e.g., symphysis pubis or intervertebral discs) |
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Synarthrosis definition and examples
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joints which do not move
- suture (skull bones--fibrous) - gomphosis (teeth--fibrous) - synchondrosis (epiphyseal plates--cartilaginous) |
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Amphiarthrosis definition and examples
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joints which have a little movement
- syndesmosis (radius-ulna, tibia-fibula---fibrous) - symphysis (pubis, intervertebral discs--cartilaginous) |
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All diathrosis are ______
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synovial
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Synovial joint definition and 4 components of synovial joint
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bones move freely on each other due to four basic structural features:
1) synovial cavity (space between the bones with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and easy movement) 2) articular cartilage (covers articular surfaces of the bones and provides shock absorption) 3) articular capsule (surrounds joint surfaces by enclosing synovial cavity and connecting articulating bones) 4) stabilizing ligaments (fibrous connective tissue that joins articulating bones) |
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Some synovial joints also contain
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menisci (sing. meniscus)
pads of fibrocartilage between articular surface of the bones; help maintain stability and direct flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction |
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What are bursae?
|
synovial fluid-filled connective tissue sacs which cushion the movement of one part of the body over another
between skin and bone between tendons and bone between muscles and bone between ligaments and bone between adjacent muscles often associated with, but NOT part of joints!! |
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What are tendon sheaths?
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long cylindrical sacs filled with synovial fluid which surround long tendons
keep things lubricated, reduce friction, and allow tendons to slide easily |
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Diarthrosis joints move
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freely
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What factors limit movement at a synovial joint?
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- interference from other structures
- tension exerted by ligaments of the articular capsule - muscle tension |
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Name the types of movement of a synovial joint
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- flexion
- extension - inversion - eversion - supination - pronation - abduction - adduction - circumduction - rotation - dorsiflexion - plantar flexion - protraction - retraction - supination - pronation - elevation - depression |
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flexion
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bending motion in which angle between two bones is decreased
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extension
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straightening motion in which angle between two bones is increased
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inversion
|
movement of sole of foot inward (medially)
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eversion
|
movement of sole of foot outward (laterally)
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supination
|
pivoting movement of forearm in which radius is rotating to become parallel to ulna
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pronation
|
pivoting movement of forearm in which the radius is rotated diagonally across ulna
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abduction
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movement of limb away from midline of body
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adduction
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movement of limb toward midline of body
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circumduction
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movement of which distal end of bone moves in circular motion while proximal end remains stable
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dorsiflexion
|
to raise the top of the foot superiorly
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plantar flexion
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to lower the foot toward the ground
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protraction
|
to protrude a part of the body anteriorly
|
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retraction
|
to return a protruded part back to its original psotion
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elevation
|
to raise a part of the body
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depression
|
to lower a part of the body
|
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unaxial joint
|
movement of a bone at a joint is limited to rotation about one axis
(e.g., extension/flexion of forearm) |
|
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biaxial joint
|
when two movements can take place about two axes of rotation
(e.g, hand moves up-down and side-side at the wrist) |
|
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multiaxial joint
|
three degrees of movement
(movement in a number of axes) (e.g., shoulder joint) |
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What are the six major types of synovial joints?
|
- ball-and-socket joints
- condyloid joint - gliding joints - hinge joints - pivot joint - saddle joint |
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Describe a gliding joint
|
articulating surfaces are usually flat so one bone slides on the other bone
(e.g., carpal bones; SI joint) |
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Describe a hinge joint
|
spool-like surface of one bone that fits into the concave surface of another
uniaxial (flexion and extension) (e.g., elbow, knee, ankle) |
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Describe a pivot joint
|
rounded, pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament
(e.g., between atlas and axis) |
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Describe a saddle joint
|
opposing articular surfaces that look like a saddle
(e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb) |
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Describe a ball-and-socket joint
|
composed of a globe-like head in one bone that fits into a cup-like concavity of another bone
(e.g., hip joint, shoulder joint) |
|
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Describe a condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint
|
modification of ball-and-socket joint in which most of the movements are possible (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction), but there is no rotational movement
(e.g., wrist joint) |
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|
What is one of the most complex and weakest joints of the body
|
the knee
|
|
|
What type joints are in sutures and gomphoses?
|
fibrous synarthrosis
|
|
|
Four components of a synovial joint?
|
1) synovial cavity/membrane
2) articular cartilage 3) articular capsule 4) stabilizing ligament |
|
|
Pelvis is made up of which bones?
|
- ossa coxae
- sacrum - coccyx |
|
|
An immobile joint is called
|
synarthrosis
|
|
|
A movable joint is called
|
diarthrosis
amphiarthrosis has some movement |
|
|
Give an example of a cartilaginous joint
|
- symphysis (pubis or intervertebral discs)
- synchondrosis (epiphyseal plates) |
|
|
In which joints do you find menisci?
|
- knee
- TMJ - both ends of clavicle (acromio and sterno) |
|
|
What is the difference between syndesmosis and symphysis?
|
- syndesmosis is fibrous
- symphysis is cartilaginous |
|
|
What are the two main hormones involved in calcium regulation between bone and blood?
|
- calcitonin from thryoid (lowers calcium in blood)
- parathormone from parathyroid (raises calcium in blood) |
|
|
What structures allow children to grow lengthwise?
|
epiphyseal plates
|
|
|
What structures allow bones to grow width-wise?
|
lamellae
osteons osteoblasts |
|
|
A joint made of a thin fibrous tissue is a:
a. syndesmosis b. suture c. gomphosis d. dianthrosis |
b. suture
|
|
|
The joint between the fibula and tibia is
|
syndesmosis
|
|
|
The four components of a typical synovial joint are
|
- synovial cavity/membrane/fluid
- articular cartilage - articular capsule - stabilizing ligament |
|
|
Two bones of the nasal septum
|
- perpendicular plate of ethmoid
- vomer |
|
|
Basic unit of the compact bone
|
Haversian SYSTEM or osteon
(ensure it says SYSTEM and not CANAL!!) |
|
|
During embryonic development, the flat bones come directly from
|
mesenchyme
|
|
|
Development of long bones is
|
endochondral
|
|
|
The hypocalcemic hormone of the thyroid is
|
calcitonin
|
|
|
The hormone which stimulates osteocytes to increase the level of calcium in the blood is
|
PTH
(parathormone) |
|
|
Bone cells that develop in the periosteum and endosteum
|
osteoprogenitor cells or osteogenic cells
|
|
|
osteoprogenitor cells
|
these are the "stem cells" for bone. They have the capacity to divide and proliferate to form osteoblasts, bone forming cells which actively produce bone tissue. They comprise the periosteal and endosteal cells which line the bone and its cavities. In mature bone where growth and remodeling is not occurring these cells are quiescent, but they are thought to function in maintenance and nutritional support of the osteocytes in the underlying matrix, with which they connect by means of gap junctions.
|
|
|
osteoblasts
|
these are the "bone forming cells" which secrete the collagen and ground substance that constitutes unmineralized bone (osteoid), and subsequently are responsible for calcification of the matrix. These cells also communicate with one another and with osteocytes by gap junctions.
|
|
|
osteocytes
|
are mature bone cells, differentiated from osteoblasts, which are responsible for maintaining the bone matrix. They can synthesize and resorb (break down) the matrix to maintain homeostasis. Each osteocyte occupies a space, the lacuna, which conforms to the shape of the cell surrounded by matrix secreted when the cell was an osteoblast. Osteocytes extend processes through canaliculi to connect to neighboring cells by means of gap junctions.
|
|
|
osteoclasts
|
large multinucleated cells whose function is to resorb (reabsorb) bone. Osteoclasts dissolve the matrix and osteoid with acids and hydrolytic enzymes. Osteoclasts are phagocytic and are derived from monocytes and not from the same line as the other bone cells.
|
|
|
Three examples of fibrous joints
|
- suture (thin)
- syndesmosis (thick) - gomphosis (teeth, peg) |
|
|
Two examples of cartilaginous joints
|
- synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)
- symphysis (intervertebral discs or pubis) |
|
|
Example of synovial joint
|
all movable
|
|
|
Three examples of synarthrosis
|
NO MOVEMENT
- suture - gomphoses - synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate) |
|
|
Two examples of amphiarthrosis
|
SOME MOVEMENT
- symphysis - syndesmosis |
|
|
Examples of diarthrosis
|
any typical synovial joint
|
