Biol 2400 - Chapter 1

Front 1

microorganisms (I.e. microbes)

Back 1

are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with unaided eye. Including:

1. bacteria

2. archaea

3. fungi (yeasts and molds)

4. protozoa

5. microscopic algae (plants)

6. Also includes viruses (non cellular entities)

7. Multicellular animal parasites (e.g. worms)

Front 2

What are the 7 groups that fall into "microorganisms"

Back 2

1. bacteria

2. archaea

3. fungi (yeasts and molds)

4. protozoa

5. microscopic algae (plants)

6. Also includes viruses (non cellular entities)

7. Multicellular animal parasites (e.g. worms)

Front 3

pathogenic

Back 3

disease producing (minority of microorganisms)

Front 4

Nomenclature - how are microorganisms named?

Back 4

The nomenclature is BINOMIAL (two names) TAXONOMY:

genus (plural: genera) - the first name and is always capitalized

specific epithet (species name) - follows and is NOT capitalized

BOTH should be underlined or italicized

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Who came up with the nomenclature for microorganisms

Back 5

Linnaeus

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After first use, how are the scientific names abbreviated?

Back 6

the first letter of the genus and specific epithet.

e.g. Escherichia coli -> E. coli

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What are the identifiable features of bacteria?

Back 7

This is a prokaryote. Relatively simple SINGLE celled organisms.

-Bacteria are enclosed in cell walls that are largely composed of a carb and protein complex called peptidoglycan

-For energy use organic and inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

-Reproduce through binary fission

-Move with flagella

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What are the identifiable features of archaea?

Back 8

This is a prokaryote. Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls.

1. Extremophiles

2. Three Types: halophiles (salt loving), thermophiles (heat loving), methanogens (fall in middle)

Known not to cause disease in humans.

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What are the identifiable features of fungi?

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This is a eukaryote.

-Can be unicellular or multicellular. If unicellular it is a yeast.

-True fungi cell walls have chitin.

-Molds and mushrooms are multicellular, which form visible masses called mycelia, which are composed of long filaments hyphae

-Heterotrophic - break down energy for food "decomposers"

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What are the identifiable features of protozoa?

Back 10

Eukaryote. (AKA Protists)

-Unicellular

-heteretrophic (absorb or ingest organic chemicals)

-may be motile via pseudopods (false feet), cilia or flagella

-nonmotiles, most are parasites

e.g. amoebae

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What are the identifiable features of algae?

Back 11

Eukaryotes. Unicellular or multicellular, if unicellular it is a protists. if multicellular it a plantae kingdom.

-Cell walls are composed of cellulose

-Use photosynthesis for energy

-Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds (carbs)

have pigments caused by chlorphyll

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What are the identifiable features of viruses?

Back 12

ACELLULAR (not really living so not a cell)

-so small you need an electron microscope to see it

-Consists of DNA OR RNA with a protein coat. Coat may be enclosed in lipid envelope

-Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host.

Front 13

What are the identifiable features of multicellular animal parasites?

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Eukaryotes.

-Two major groups of parasitic worms are round and flatworms, collectively called helminths.

-They are considered microorganisms because they have microscopic life cycles.

Front 14

King Philip Came Over From Germany Sunday - classification hierarchy

Back 14

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species -> ONLY unique factor!

Front 15

What is Robert Hooke known for?

Back 15

Reported that living cells were composed of little boxes (i.e. cells)

Front 16

What is Rudolf Virchow known for?

Back 16

Cell Theory - the theory that all living things are composed of cells. (also known as biogenesis - the claim that living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells)

Front 17

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 17

First person to see live microorganisms. Called them "animalcules" - later discovered to be representations of bacteria and protozoa.

Front 18

How did Pasteur prove biogenesis?

Back 18

With the S shaped swann flask. Kept microbes out but let air in.

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What are the 4 major contributions of Pasteur?

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1. Proved microbes in the air

2. Pasteurization

3. Proved microbes are responsible for fermentation

4. PROVED biogenesis (Virchow made the claim couldn't prove it)

Front 20

Why is 1857-1914 considered the "Golden Age" of microbiology?

Back 20

Because it was when MOST advancements in microbio were discovered.

Beginning with Pasteurs work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and antimicrobial drugs.

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What is fermentation? pasteurization?

Back 21

Fermentation - the conversion of sugar to alcohol (by yeasts) with the absence of air.

Pasteurization - is the application of high heat for a short amount of time to kill most bacteria that cause spoilage (bacteria change alcohol into acetic acid).

Front 22

Agostini Bassi

Back 22

Made the first association between a microorganism and a disease by proving that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus (1835)

Front 23

Ignaz Semmelweis

Back 23

Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another (hospital story)

Front 24

Joseph Lister

Back 24

Listened to Semmelweis' story, and used chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections (aseptic technique - i.e. "w/o contamination").

used phenol.

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Robert Koch and Koch's Postulates

Back 25

Proved that bacterium caused anthrax and provided experimental steps: Koch's postulates, to prove that a SPECIFIC microbe causes a SPECIFIC disease.

Front 26

Edward Jenner

Back 26

Discovered the first vaccine (cowpox, smallpox), and immunity.

vaccination named by Pasteur

Front 27

Chemotherapy vs Antibiotic

Back 27

Chemotherapy - the treatment of disease by using chemical substances

antibiotics - chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

Front 28

Paul Erlich

Back 28

The "magic bullet" - could destroy a pathogen without destroying the host.

Salvarsan to treat syphilis.

Front 29

Alexander Fleming

Back 29

Discovered the first antibiotic! Observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic penicillin that killed Stapholyococcus aureus.

Front 30

Modern Developments in Microbiology:

1. Bacteriology-

2. Mycology -

3. Virology -

4. parasitology -

5. immunology -

Back 30

1. Bacteriology- the study of bacteria

2. Mycology - the study of fungi

3. Virology - study of viruses - originated in golden age.

4. parasitology - study of protozoa and parasitic worms.

5. immunolog - the study of immunity dates back to Jenner's first vaccine (vaccines AND interferons (what our body makes))

Front 31

Rebecca Lancefield

Back 31

A major advance in immunology occurred in 1933, when Rebecca Lancefield proposed that streptococci can be classified according to serotypes (variants within a species) based on certain components in the CELL WALLS of the bacteria.

Front 32

Iwanowski and Stanley

Back 32

In 1892, Dmitri Iwanowski reported that the organism that caused mosaic disease of tobacco was so small that it passed through filters fine enough to stop all known bacteria

In 1935, Wendell Stanley demonstrated that the organism, called tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was fundamentally different from other microbes.

Front 33

Paul Berg vs Joshua Lederberg

Back 33

Lederberg - FIRST demonstrated that genetic information could be exchanged between bacteria by conjugation (i.e. pili)

Berg - Inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA, and the bacteria produced and animal protein.

Front 34

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

Back 34

Showed that GENES encode a cells enzymes (i.e. proteins)

Front 35

Bioremediation

Back 35

-Using Microbes to clean up pollutants

-Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

-bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage

bioremediation - industrial processes developed in which bacteria can actually use pollutants as energy sources; others produce enzymes that break down toxins into less harmful substances

Front 36

Microbial ecology

Back 36

microbial ecology - the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment (originated from M. Beijerinck and S. Winogradsky).

Front 37

What are the microorganisms that are normally present in the human body called?

Back 37

Normal microbiota or microflora

Front 38

What important roles do microbiota play in our bodies?

Back 38

1. Prevent growth of pathogens

2. Produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K

3. Help with resistance (i.e. the body's ability to ward off disease)

4. Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals (tears, mucus).

Front 39

When does DISEASE actually occur (what are EIDs)?

Back 39

When a pathogen OVERCOMES the HOSTs resistance

EIDs - emerging INFECTIOUS diseases

Front 40

Biofilms

Back 40

* Bacteria in biofilm are often resistant to antibiotics because the biofilm offers a protective barrier.

Front 41

Francesco Redi

Lazzaro Spallanzi

Back 41

All tried to prove biogenesis, but failed

Redi - maggots do not arise from meat

Spallanzi - disproved Needham who said that even after boiling organisms appear.

Front 42

Summarize the germ theory of disease

Back 42

germ theory of disease - microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animals - specifically that microorganisms might cause disease

Front 43

Differentiate microbial genetics from molecular biology

Back 43

microbial genetics - studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits.

molecular biology - specifically studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins.

Front 44

Differentiate between biotechnology and recombinant DNA technology

Back 44

Biotechnology - commercial use of microorganisms to produce some common foods and chemicals.

Recombinant DNA technology - using the technique or recombinant DNA to create large quantities of a desired protein (e.g. insulin)