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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Essential Elements |
found in every living things |
|
CHONPS |
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur |
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Trace elements |
smaller but still vital for life |
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Atom |
smallest unit with the properties of an element |
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Atomic number |
protons |
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Mass number |
protons + neutrons |
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What happens if you change the atomic number of an element? |
It changes to a new element |
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What happens if you change the number of neutrons in an element? |
It becomes a different isotope |
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Isotope |
Same element with different number of neutrons (same atomic number but different mass number) |
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Carbon dating |
How old something is |
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Protons determine _____ Neutron determine _____ Electrons determine _____ |
Protons determine element Neutron determine isotope Electrons determine chemical behavior |
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How many electrons can be in the first shell? |
2 |
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How many electrons an be in the second and third shell? |
8 |
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What determines if an element will want to react with other elements? |
If the valence shell is full of electrons, it will NOT want to react to other elements. |
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Chemical bonds |
When atoms combine to form molecules and ionic compounds |
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Covalent bond |
Two atoms sharing a pair of valence electrons |
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Molecule |
Two or more of the same element |
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Compound |
Two or more of different elements |
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Electronegativity |
Attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
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Non-polar covalent bond |
equal pulling |
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Polar covalent bond |
unequal pulling |
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Ionic bond |
bond is formed from opposite charges (sometimes electrons are given to other elements to bond) |
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Where does what get most of its properties? |
Hydrogen bonds |
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Adhesion in water |
adhesion allows water to stick to things like cell walls |
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Cohesion in water |
Cohesion allows water to stick together through Hydrogen Bonds |
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Moderation of temperature in water |
Water has a high specific heat due to hydrogen bonds |
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Expansion upon freezing in water |
Hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered which causes it to be less dense and float |
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Water is a versatile solvent due to _____ |
Hydrogen bonds |
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Non-ionic polar molecules |
Sugars |
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Large polar molecules with ionic/polar regions |
Proteins and Salts |
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Hydrophilic |
Solute to water |
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Hydrophobic |
Soes not mix with water |
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How to find pH |
pH+pOH=14 |
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Buffers |
Prevent drastic changes in the body of pH |
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Inorganic |
Not made by life supporting elements |
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Organic |
Made from life supporting elements |
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Hydrocarbons |
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen (can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy) |
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Macromolecules |
Critically important molecules of all living things |
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Polymer |
Chain of multiple units or monomers |
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Dehydration reaction |
Take away water and makes polymer |
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Hydrolysis |
Add water and break apart polymer |
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4 Macromolecules |
Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids |
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What is the most commonmonosaccharides? |
Glucose |
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Four levels of protein structure |
Primary (beads) Secondary (helix of pleated sheet) Tertiary (3D folding pattern) Quaternary (more than one amino acid) |
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Collagen |
holds cell together |
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Hemoglobin |
Carries oxygen on red blood cells |
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Two types of nucleic acids |
DNA and RNA |
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Prokaryotes |
Cells of domains, bacteria, and archaea |
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Eukaryotes |
Cells of protists, fungi, animals and plants |
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Cell size constraint |
Cells can not be large do to them needing more volume than mass |
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Ribosomes |
Little dots on ER that cause protein synthesis |
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What does the ER do? |
produces a huge number of molecules (lipids, proteins, proteins with carbs) |
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Where do proteins go after Rough ER |
Golgi |
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Lysosomes |
Sac of hydrolitic enzymes |
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Vacuole |
Keeps a lot of water in plants |
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Endomembrane system |
How membranes are made and move (nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane) |
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Chloroplasts |
light energy to food energy |
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Mitochondria |
food energy to chemical energy |
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Cell wall |
protection and support |