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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most important consideration when making food choices? |
TASTE (we have more than 10k taste buds)
(and enjoyment) |
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What is nutrition? |
nutrition - the science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods nourish the body and affect body functions and overall health.
"The study of food and the nutrients we need to sustain life and reproduce"
Exploration of how food is Digested, Absorbed, Transported, Metabolized and Used/Stored in the Body. |
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What is a nutrient? |
nutrients - compounds in foods that sustain body processes. |
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What are the 6 nutrients? |
1. carbohydrates - complex & organic 2. fats (lipids) - complex & organic 3. proteins (enzymes) - complex & organic 4. vitamins - complex and organic 5. minerals (ions) - least complex and inorganic 6. water - inorganic |
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Foods also contain NONNUTRIENTS, what are some examples of these? |
Foods also often contain nonnutrient compounds, such as phytochemicals or zoochemicals, nondigestible fiber, and other chemicals added by food manufacturers to enhance color, flavor, or texture or to extend shelf life
Note: phytochemicals MAY play a role in fighting chronic diseases. |
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Organic vs Inorganic |
organic - describing compounds that contain carbon or carbon - carbon bonds organic nutrients also contain the elements hydrogen and oxygen, and in the case of proteins and some vitamins, nitrogen is also part of the molecule inorganic - describing compounds that do not have carbon. Each mineral is an individual element, and its atoms are exactly the same whether found in food or in the body. |
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Essential vs NonEssential Nutrients |
essential (nutrients) - nutrients that must be consumed from foods because they cannot be made in the body in sufficient quantities to meet its needs and support health. nonessential nutrients - nutrients that can be made in sufficient quantities in the body to meet the body’s requirements and support health. e.g. Vitamin D, synthesized by skin when exposed to sunlight. |
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What is the Chemical Composition of the Six classifications of Nutrients? |
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What are the 3 energy yielding units? |
Carbs, Lipids, and Protein
Note: Energy is TRAPPED within bonds, and released when bonds are broken. |
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What is a kilocalorie? |
kilocalories - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade; used to express the measurement of energy in foods; 1 kilocalories = 1000 calories |
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How many kilocalories (or Nutrition Calories) in the energy nutrients? |
Calories on nutrition labels = kilocalories
Protein and Carbs = 4 kcal / gram Fats = 9 kcal/gram Alcohol = 7kcal / gram
Note: Alcohol is not considered a nutrient, but does provide energy |
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kg to lbs conversion |
Conversion Factor -> lbs to kg = 2.2, or 2.2 kg = 1lb |
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micronutrients vs macronutrients |
macronutrients - organic nutrients, including the energy-containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water that the body needs in large amounts. micronutrients - essential nutrients the body needs in smaller amounts: vitamins and minerals |
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Which nutrients participate in growth, maintenance, support or structure? |
ALL but carbs.
So: Protein, Fats, Water, Vitamins and Minerals |
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Which nutrients regulate body processes? |
ALL but carbs
So: protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, water |
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What are the KEY features of carbs? |
-Bodys MAIN source of energy, because supplies GLUCOSE -All carbs, are C, H, O -Found in grains, fruits, vegetables, and DAIRY (only animal product with significant amount of carbs) |
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What are the KEY features of LIPIDS? |
-Fats(triglycerides), sterols (i.e. cholesterols), OILs, and PHOSPHOLIPIDS -INSOLUBLE in water -Source of energy STORAGE (adipose tissue) -Source of energy when we rest and sleep -Found in margarine, butter, oils, and animal products
-Temp Regulation -Source of cell membrane building material (phospholipids) |
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Whats an important feature of lipids? |
Can be a source for synthesis of carbs (vice versa)
and breakdown to water |
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What are the KEY features of proteins? |
-Composed of C, H, O and N, and some also contain Sulfur - ENZYMES |
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What is an enzyme? |
enzymes - proteins in living cells that act as catalysts and control chemical reactions. |
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What are the KEY features of vitamins and minerals |
-Do not provide energy, BUT are involved in numerous key functions in the body (e.g. essential to help regulate metabolism) - Function as coenzymes: vitmains -> coenzymes -> enzymes -Essential in the structure and function of hard and soft tissues |
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Whats a coenzyme? |
coenzymes - substances, such as vitamins or minerals, that facilitate the activity of enzymes (i.e. helps enzymes catalyze reactions in the body) e.g. B vitamin thiamin attaches to and assists an enzyme involved in carb metabolism |
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There are 13 known vitamins, grouped according to their solubility.
Compare/Contrast water-soluble vs fat-soluble |
water-soluble vitamins - vitamins that dissolve in water; they generally cannot be stored in the body and must be consumed daily e.g. Vitamin C, and the eight B-complex vitamins fat-soluble vitamins - vitamins that dissolve in fat and can be stored in the body e.g. A, D, E, and K are stored in liver and other organs and thus do not need to be consumed daily. |
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What are the KEY features of minerals? |
-They help create electrolyte balance -Minerals are inorganic substances that assist the body processes and are essential to the structure of hard tissues, such as bone, and soft tissues, including red blood cells. |
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Macrominerals vs Microminerals |
MACROMINERALS - found in amounts > 5 grams in body. NEED at least 100mg / day
MICROminerals - found in amounts <5 grams, need less than 100 mg/day |
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What are the critical functions of WATER in the body? |
Water is part of every cell in the body Vital to several key body functions (i.e. metabolism, digestion and absorption, and transport medium that delivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells and excretes waste products through urine) Helps Maintain body temperature Acts as lubricant for eyes, mouth and intestinal tract Surrounds vital organs and cushions them from injury |
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What is epidemiological research? |
One type of observational research is epidemiological research - research that studies the variables that influence health in a population; it is often observational. “epidemiological research studies health and disease in populations of people” |
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What are the 4 types of assessment for nutritional status (i.e. malnourished, including over and undernourished) |
ABCDs
A - Anthropometric (height, weight, BMI, ratios) B - Biochemical (blood, urine, feces) C - Clinical (observe hair, fingernails, skin, overall appearances) D - Dietary intake (diet history, diet record, questionnaire, 24 hour dietary recall) |
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What is malabsorption? |
malabsorption - a problem associated with the lack of absorption of nutrients through the intestinal tract. |
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With BMI, what is considered overweight? obese? |
overweight - for adults, BMI > 25 obesity - for adults, having a BMI > 30 |
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What is Healthy People 2020 |
Healthy People 2020 - a set of disease prevention and health promotion objectives for Americans to meet during the second decade of the twenty-first century |
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What are 4 nutrient related leading causes of death? |
1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer 4. Stroke 7. Diabetes |
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How do Genetics and Nutrition combine to impact health risks? |
gene expression - the processing of genetic information to create a specific protein nutritional genomics - a field of study of the relationship between genes, gene expression, and nutrition |
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What is an example of a functional food? |
functional foods- foods that may provide additional health benefits beyond the basic nutrient value e.g. when iodine was added to salt |
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Phytochemicals vs Zoochemicals |
phytochemicals - nonnturitive plant compounds, found in fruits and vegetables, that may play a role in fighting chronic diseases zoochemicals - nonnutritative animal compounds that play a role in fighting chronic diseases e.g. lutein and zeaxanthin found in egg yolks and omega 3 fatty acids from fish |
