Biol 225 - Plants Section

Front 1

Sporopollenin

Back 1

a durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out during periods where the plant is not submerged. In plants this is found in the spore walls

Front 2

Alternation of generations

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Life cycle includes both multicellular haploid and diploid organisms

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Sporangia

Back 3

multicellular organs of the Sporophyte that produces spores.

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Sporocytes

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diploid cells/mother cells that are produced in the sporangia that through meiosis generate haploid spores

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Archegonia

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(arch-curves-female) female pear shaped organ that produces a single non-motile egg retained within the bulbous part of the organ

Front 6

Antheridia

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(anther-antler-buck-male) male organ that produces sperm and releases it into the environment

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Seedless vascular plants

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Lycophytes and Monilophytes

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Gymnosperms

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Naked seed plants because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers, conifers

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Angiosperms

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Seeds develop in chambers originating within flowers, consists of all flowering plants

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Xylem

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conducts water and minerals Includes tracheids, tube shaped cells (walls strengthened with lignin) that carry water and minerals up from the roots

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Phloem

Back 11

cells arranged in tubes to distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

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Bryophyte

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non vascular plants

Front 13

Microphylls

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Leaves characterised by unbranched vascular tissue

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Megaphylls

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Leaves characterized by branched vascular tissue

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Sporophylls

Back 15

modified leaves that bear sporangia

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Sori

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Clusters of sporangia, usually on the underside of sporophylls

Front 17

Strobili

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Groups of sporophylls forming cone like structures

Front 18

Megasporangia

Back 18

producing a single (female) megaspore

Front 19

Microsporangia

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producing many (male) microspores

Front 20

Integument

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a layer of sporophyte tissue that envelops and protects the megasporangium.

Front 21

Degree day

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The difference between the daily mean temperature and some base temperature

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Tissue

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Group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function

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Organ

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several types of tissues that carry out particular functions

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Rhizomes

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Horizontal shoot that grows beneath the surface, with vertical shoots later emerging from axillary buds on the rhizome.

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Bulbs

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Underground shoot consisting of enlarged bases of leaves that store food.

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Stolons

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Horizontal shoots that grow along the surface

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Tubers

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Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons, specialized for storing food

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Parenchyma

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Plant cell that performs most metabolic functions, retains ability to divide and differentiate, lacks secondary walls

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Collenchyma

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Generally elongated cells grouped in strands and help support young parts of plant shoot, lack secondary walls, provide flexible support without restraining growth and are usually found just below the epidermis

Front 30

Sclerenchyma

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Rigid due to thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin, dead at functional maturity

Front 31

Apical meristem

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located at the end of shoots and roots, provide cells that allow growth in length (primary growth)

Front 32

Vascular cambium

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adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

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Cork Cambium

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replaces the epidermis with thick, tougher periderm

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Initials

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essentially cells that are still meristem

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Derivatives

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cells that are specialized

Front 36

Phelloderm

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thin layer of parenchyma cells that forms interior of cork cambium

Front 37

Lenticels

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Cells in periderm that allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and outside air

Front 38

Morphogenesis

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process that gives tissue, organ, and organism its shape and determines the positions of cell types

Front 39

Phyllotaxy

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arrangement of leaves on a stem, determined by the shoot apical meristem, and is specific to each species

Front 40

Golden angle

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137.6 degrees; to minimize shading of lower leaves by those above

Front 41

Leaf area Index (LAI)

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ratio of the total upper leaf surface area of a single plant or an entire crop divided by the surface area of the land on which the plant or crop grows, up to 7 is common for mature plants

Front 42

Self-pruning

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leaves under the upper canopy that are limited in light, and respire more than photosynthesize experience cell death

Front 43

Apoplast

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(apo->apart->extracellular) consists of everything external to the plasma membranes of living cells and includes cell walls, extracellular spaces, and the interior of dead cells such as vessel elements and tracheids

Front 44

Symplast

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the entire mass of cytosol of all the living cells in a plant, as well as the plasmodesmata & the cytoplasmic channels that connect them

Front 45

Apoplastic transport

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Water and solutes move along the continuum of cell walls and extracellular places

Front 46

Symplastic transport

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Water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol, requiring substances to cross a plasma membrane once while entering the plant

Front 47

Transmembrane route

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Water and solutes move out of one cell, across the next cell wall, and into the neighbouring cell, which may pass them to the next cell in the same route; repeated crossing of plasma membranes

Front 48

Water potential

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physical property that predicts direction in which water will flow, based on effects of solute concentration and physical pressure

Front 49

Pressure potential (ΨP)

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physical pressure on a solution

Front 50

Turgid

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If a flaccid cell is placed in a solution with a lower solute concentration, the cell will gain water and become turgid

Front 51

Wilting

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Turgor loss in plants causes wilting, which can be reversed when plant watered

Front 52

The Cohesion Tension hypothesis

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transpiration provides the pull for the ascent of xylem sap, and the cohesion of water molecules transmits this pull along the entire length of the xylem from shoots to roots

Front 53

Pushing xylem sap

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root pressure

Front 54

Guttation

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the exudation of water droplets that can be seen in the morning on the tips or edges of some plant leaves

Front 55

9 macronutrients

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Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, Potassium, calcium, magnesium

Front 56

Ectomycorrhizae

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hyphae form a network into apoplast or extracellular space, but do not penetrate root cell form a dense sheath over the surface of the root

Front 57

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

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fungal hyphae penetrate cell wall but not plasma membrane to form arbuscules (dense branching after penetrating cell wall but not plasma membrane). Penetrate between epidermal cells and enter the root cortex.

Front 58

Epiphytes

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Grows on another plant and obtains water and minerals from rain, mostly through their leaves, do not tap their host for sustenance, only use them for anchorage

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Spathe

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Landing pad for butterflies and birds

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Radicle

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embryonic root that emerges first during germination and exits at the micropyle or the hilum

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Coleoptile

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sheath covering the embryonic/young shoot in monocots pushes up through the soil

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Hypocotyl

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A hook shaped growth in eudicot seeds that pushes breaks ground during germination

Front 63

Pericarp

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During fruit development, the ovary wall becomes the pericarp, the thickened wall of the fruit

Front 64

Aggregate fruits

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the fruit is formed by several separate carpels of the same flower

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Multiple fruits

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develop from a cluster of flowers

Front 66

Drupes

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stony wall produces around each seed

Front 67

Aabscission zone

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the attachment point to the maternal plant which becomes increasingly brittle as the relative humidity (RH) drops

Front 68

Layering

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Lower branches along the ground get covered by mosses. Plants detect change in concentration of gases and start to produce roots. A new shoot emerges as the tip of the branch begins to grow up.

Front 69

Apomixis

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the asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

Front 70

Dioecious

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species have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants

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Staminate

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flowers lacking carpels, only have stamens

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Carpellate

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flowers lacking stamens, only have carpels

Front 73

Phytochrome

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specific pigment that works as a light receptor and starts the de-etiolation (greening) response

Front 74

Senescence

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programmed death of cells or organs

Front 75

Thigmotropism

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growth in response to touch

Front 76

Statoliths

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specialized plastids containing dense starch granules allowing the plant to respond to gravity

Front 77

Tannins

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tannins bind with the digested proteins, making them useless.