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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What can viruses be chemically defined as?
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nucleoproteins
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How can viruses be viewed?
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with electron microscope
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Do viruses increase in size
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no
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Where must viruses replicate
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within a susceptible cell
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What are bacterial viruses?
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bacteriophages, or phages
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What is when tail fibers of the phage particle bind to receptor site on the hosts cell wall
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adsorption
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What is spiral protein sheath that retracts and an enzyme, early muramidase, perforates the bacterial cell wall enabling the phage nucleic acid to pass through hollow core into host cytoplasm?
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penetration
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What is when the phage genome subverts the cells syntehetic machinery to produce new phage components?
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replication
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What is the period during which the new phage components are assembled and form complete, mature virulent phage particles?
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maturation
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What is when lysozyme lyses the cell wall liberating infectious phage particles that can now infect new host cells?
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release
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What are viruses that infect bacteria?
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bacterial phage
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What is a clear zone on bacterial law resulted from infection by a lytic phage?
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plaque
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What is used to calculte the phage concentration in a sample
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plaque assay
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What is a plaque on a bacterial lawn that is counted as one PFU
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plaque forming unit
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At what degrees does melted TSA solidify?
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40C
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What is the movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane?
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osmosis
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What is no net movement of water
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isotonic solution
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What is plasmolysis?
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cell shrinks and cannot grow
when placed into hypertonic solution |
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What is plasmoptysis?
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cell swells and causes lysis
occurs when placed into hypotonic solution |
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What is a facultative halophile
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can handle up to 10% NaCl: staph aureus
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What is an obligate halophile
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loves salt
needs 25% NaCl |
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How do you perform plaque assay?
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put 0.9 mL of TSB into each microfuge tube and perform serial dilutions by adding 0.1 ml of the previous dilution into the new tube and incubate at 37 degrees for 24 h
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Can you use plaque assay to enumerate lysogenic phages
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no, just lytic phages!
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What is PFU
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plaque forming unit
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What is considered a countable plate
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30-300
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Can you calculate and report plaque assay result?
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use paper
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What is a obligate halophile?
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Halobacterium salinarium
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What is a facultative halophile
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What is the net movt of water molecules (solvent) across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of higher concentration to lower concentration
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osmosis
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What is hypertonic solution
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possesses a higher osmotic pressure and a higher solute concentration, and therefore has a lower water concentration and tends to draw in water
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What is hypotonic solution
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possesses a lower somotic pressure and has a lower solute concentration and therefore it has a higher water concentration and it tends to lose water
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What is two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane that has equal concentrations and has no osmosis?
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isotonic
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What plays a vital role in the life and death of a cell?
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osmotic pressure of the environment
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What is plasmolysis?
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in a hypertonic environment all cells lose water by osmosis and become shriveled
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What is plasmoptysis?
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cells take in water and become swollen in a hypotonic low pressure environment
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What is lysis?
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cell death
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What can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent?
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osmotic pressure
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What are adapted to life in waters of high salinity and require high concentrations for growth
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halophiles
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What is an effect that kills microbes immediately?
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microbicidal effect
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What is an effect that inhibits reproductive capacities of the cells and maintains the microbial population at a constant size?
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microbistatic effect
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What are chemical substances used on living tissue that kill or inhibit the growth of vegetative microbial forms?
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antiseptics
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What are chemical substances that kill or inhibit the growth of vegetative microbial forms on nonliving materials?
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disinfectants
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What are chemical substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms in living tissues?
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chemotherapeutic agents
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What are 2 ways cell wall injury can occur?
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lysis of cell wall will leave it susceptible to osmotic damage and eventual lysis
certain agents inhibit cell wall synthesis which is essential to microbial cell reproduction |
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How may the cell membrane be damaged?
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may be the result of lysis of the membrane which will cause immediate cell death
Selective nature of the membrane may be effective causes a loss of interference with uptake of nutrients |
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What can occur to alter the colloidal state of cytoplasm?
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denature cytoplasmic proteins, enzyme inactivation, irreversibly rupturing the molecular bonds of the proteins
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How can cellular enzymes be inactivated?
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competitively or noncompetitively
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What type of inhibition is irreversible?
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noncompetitive
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What occurs when a nautral substrate is forced to compete for the active site on an enzyme surface with a chemically similar molecular substrate?
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inactivation of cellular enzymes
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What can interfere with the structure and function of DNA
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can cause breakage or distortion of the molcule, interfering with replication and role in protein synthesis
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What can high temp do?
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denature proteins
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What can moist heat do?
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high penetration power that causes coagulation of proteins
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How are vegetative bacteria cells killed?
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60-70C for 10 minutes
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How are bacteria spores killed
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temps above 100C
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How are vegetative fungi cells killed
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50-60c
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How are fungi spores killed?
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70-80C for 10 min
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What is autoclave
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15 lb/sq. in. 121C for 15 min for sterilization
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What is hot air oven
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160-180C for 1.5-3 hr for sterilization
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What is boiling?
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100C: free flow of steam
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What can boiling kill
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vegetative cells and fungi: cannot kill bacterial endospores
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What is pasteurization
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low heat
63C for 30 min or 71C for 15 sec |
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What can pasteurization kill?
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pathogens and some spoilage mos: cannot kiill all vegetative cells
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What is tyndallization?
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100C for 20 minutes and then incubate for 24 hours (do this 3 days in a row)
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What can tyndallization kill
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possibly everything
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What grows in 0% Nacl?
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E coli and Staph aureus
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What grows at 5% NaCl?
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E coli and Staph aureus
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What grows at 10% NaCl?
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Staph aureus
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What grows at 25% NaCl?
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Halobacterium
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What are ionizing radiaton?
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high energy, high penetration, cold sterilization
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What are examples of ion. radiation?
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xray and gamma ray
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What does ionizing radiation do?
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causes excitation and loss of electron from the molecules (ionization) and the molecule changes its properties and loses biological function
H2O--> H+ and OH and H2O2 free radicals |
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What can ionizing radiation do?
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be toxic and cause additional damages to cellular materials
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What is an example of nonionizing radiation?
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UV
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What is nonionizing radiation?
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low energy, low penetration, kill mos on surface
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What is a lethal wavelength?
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210-300 nm
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What does UV radiation cause
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absorbed by DNA and causes thymine dimers which distorts DNA and causes a problem in replication
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How do you repair UV damage
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light repair (photoreactivation) and dark repair
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What can make mistakes?
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dark repair and cause mutations
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What can effect efficiency of disinfectants and antiseptics?
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concentration, length of exposure, mos, and environmental conditions (temp, pH, organic substances)
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What is ethylene oxide?
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flammable, explosive gas, highly irritating to mucous membranes, carcinogenic
can kill vegetative cells and spores, denatures proteins, high penetration power, used to sterilize heat sensitive materials and equipment |
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Can ethylene oxide sterilize?
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yes
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What is ethylene oxide used for?
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high penetration power, used to sterilize heat sensitive materials and equipment
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What is vaporized H2O2?
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high penetration, no residues after breaking down
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What do aldehydes do?
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denature proteins and inactive nucleic acid
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Can glutaraldehyde be used for sterilization?
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yes
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What is formaldehyde used for
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to make viral vaccine
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What is formalin?
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37% formaldehyde in water used to preserve biological specimens
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What is peracetic acid?
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used to sterilize surface and food processing equipment
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What is phenol
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toxic and irritating
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What are phenolics?
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derivates of phenol that are less irritating and commonly used
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What do phenolics do?
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damage plasma membrane and denature proteins
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What are cresols?
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in lysol, kill most vegetative cells
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What are alcohols?
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ethanol and isopropanol are commonly used as antiseptics and disinfectant
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What is ethanol
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70-90%
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What is isopropyl alcohol?
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40-80%
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What is not fully effective?
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pure alcohol because it will dehydrate and protect cells
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What does alcohol do?
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denature proteins and dissolves lipids in cytoplasmic membrane
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What can alcohol kill?
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vegetative cells but not endospores
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What are chlorine and iodine?
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halogens
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What is used to treat water?
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Cl2
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Whats an effective concentration of Cl2 to treat water?
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0.5-1.0 ppm
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What is Cl2 + H2O-->?
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HCl + HClO
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What is an active bactericide
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hypochlorous acid
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What is the mechanism of halogens?
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oxidize and inactivate enzymes
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What produces HClO when reacts with water?
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hypochlorite (Bleach)
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What may be used as a disinfectant to inactivate HIV, HBV?
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Hypochlorite (Bleach)
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What is a gas used to disinfect lag space?
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ClO2
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What inactivates mos by combining with protein?
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I2
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What is effective to kill all kinds of bacteria, spores, fungi, viruses, amoeba
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I2
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What is bad about I2?
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stain, irritating
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What is iodine in an alcohol solution?
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tincture of iodine
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What is iodine plus an organic carrier?
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iodophore
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What does iodophore do?
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slowly releases iodine and is less irritating, no stain
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What is surface active chemicals like soaps, detergents?
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surfactants
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What bind iol and water at the same time, so that oil film can be broken and washed away?
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soaps
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What is soap good for?
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degermining with little antimicrobial effect
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What is soap plus an antimicrobial agent?
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antibacterial soap
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What are H's repleaced by organic chemical group?
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NH4Cl: cationic surfactants
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What is the function of NH4Cl?
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a wetting agent to help remove dirt and fats that protein mos and remove mos from the surface
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What disrupts the plasma membrane?
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bactericidal
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What is effective against enveloped viruses, G+, fungi?
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NH4Cl
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What is NH4Cl not effective against?
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pseudomonas, proteus
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What bind and inactivate enzymes
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HEAVY METALS
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What are eye drops of heavy metals?
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AgNO3
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What is used to control algae
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CuSO4
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What is used to treat water
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ozone
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What is a strong oxidizing agent used to treat water that leaves no residue?
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ozone
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How does moist heat kill mos?
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coagulate cellular proteins
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What is surface active chemicals like soaps, detergents?
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surfactants
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What bind iol and water at the same time, so that oil film can be broken and washed away?
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soaps
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What is soap good for?
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degermining with little antimicrobial effect
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What is soap plus an antimicrobial agent?
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antibacterial soap
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What are H's repleaced by organic chemical group?
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NH4Cl: cationic surfactants
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What is the function of NH4Cl?
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a wetting agent to help remove dirt and fats that protein mos and remove mos from the surface
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What disrupts the plasma membrane?
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bactericidal
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What is effective against enveloped viruses, G+, fungi?
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NH4Cl
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What is NH4Cl not effective against?
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pseudomonas, proteus
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What bind and inactivate enzymes
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HEAVY METALS
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What are eye drops of heavy metals?
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AgNO3
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What is used to control algae
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CuSO4
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What is used to treat water
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ozone
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What is a strong oxidizing agent used to treat water that leaves no residue?
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ozone
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How does moist heat kill mos?
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coagulate cellular proteins
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WHat is pasteurization
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low heat to kill pathogens w/o changing flavor
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What is hot air oven
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160=180C for 1.5-3 h
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What is autoclave
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121C 15 lb/sq. in for 15 min
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What is ioninzing radiation
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x ray gamma ray
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How does ion. radiation kill mos?
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free radicals
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What is UV
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100-300 nm
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What wavelength is used to kill bacteria
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210-300: 260-265 nm
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What kind of damage to bacteria does UV do?
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make T-T dimers to distort DNA and interfere with replication
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Can Uv penetrate plastic petri dish lid?
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no
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Is UV effective kill germs inside solid food or water
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no just surface
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Whats more resistant to UV
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spores
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What does light repair do?
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cut T-T bond
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What does dark repair do?
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for enzymes= ligase make many mistakes and causes mutations
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What can influence efficiency of disinfectants and antiseptics?
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concentration, length of exposure, type of microbe, enivornment conditions
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higher concentration equals?
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more toxic EXCEPT alochol
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What is a clear zone?
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zone of inhibition
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Can you tell which is more susceptible based on the zone of inhibition?
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if you're using the same chemical, you can decide which is more susceptible
if you're using different chemicals, you can't tell which is more effective |
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What is the growth medium for mold/yeast?
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Sabouraud agar- and acidic pH which favors the growth of fungi
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What favors the growth of fungi?
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Sabouraud agar
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What is the fruiting body harborind asci?
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Perithecium
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What is the incubation temp for mold/yeast?
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room temp
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How long should you incubate yeast/mold?
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a week
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How do you set up a slide chamber?
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put lacophenol cotton blue on center of clean slide, lift slip using foceps and place cover slip on slide over dye, observe with low power and high dry
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Why do you add water the slide chamber?
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the moisture in the chamber promotes mold growth (keeps agar moist)
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What is the medium for fungi?
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Sabouraud agar
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What can kill staph aureus?
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85-100C
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What are the 3 temps for pasteurization?
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63, 71, 138
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What does 65 do?
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take several min to kill
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What does 80C do?
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kill in seconds
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What does phenolcoefficient mean?
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compare to phenol
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What does rhizopus do?
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sporangiospore and rhizoid with coenocytic hyphae
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What does aspergillus have?
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conidiospore with septate
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What does penicillium have?
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more branches, conidiospores, septate hyphae
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What show budding?
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yeast cells
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What is the fruiting body of sordaria?
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parithecium
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How many ascospores in an ascus?
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8
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