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227 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What make up the immune system?
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blood circulatory system and lymphatic system
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What make up the lymphatic system?
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central lymphoid organs and periperal lympoind organis, tissues, and cells
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What makes up the central lymphoid organs
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thymus, bone marrow
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What make up peripheral lymphoid organs
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lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) (appendix), lymphocytes (B, T)
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What is lymph
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drainage from body fluid
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Circulation of lymph?
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enter lymphatic capillaries into lymphatic vessels filtered by lymph nodes, enter 2 large lymphatic ducts and enter blood vessels
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What is the flow of lymph?
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one way flow toward heart and valves prevent backflow
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What filter lymph
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lymph nodes
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What receives lymph from affluent lymphatic vessels
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lymph nodes
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What do lymph nodes drain lymph into?
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2 effluent lymphatic vessels
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What is the structure of a lymph node?
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inner medulla (filters lymph), cortex (germinal centers in capsules/ B lymphocytes)
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Where do WBC interact with foreign Ag?
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in inner medulla
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Where do B cells proliferate
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in germinal centers of outer cortex
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What does the spleen do?
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filter blood, removes foreign matters (like bacteria viruses toxins), remove old damaged host cells and components, stores blood platelets, iron
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What traps foreign particles and mos?
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Tonsil, MALT
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Where is MALT?
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appendix, lymphatic tissues of respiratory tract, vagina, urinary bladder, mammary glands, Peyers patches
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What is a lymphocyte?
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circulates in blood and lymph and some remain in lymphoid organs and tissues
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HOw do B cells develop
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In bone marrow
stem cells -> B precurors -> mature B-cells ->present in red bone marrow, spleen, MALT, lymph nodes, and blood |
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How do T cells develop
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in bone marrow
T precursor->(under influence of thymus) mature T cells -> circulate in lymph, blood, lymph nodes, spleen, Peyers patch |
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How many BCR are on a mature B lymphocyte surface
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250-500,000
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What is BCR
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B cell receptors (displays IgM and IgD)
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How many different B cells in each person that each carry a distinct set of BCR
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10 to the 9th
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What can a B cell bind to
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ree floating Ag (virus, bacterial toxin, bacteria) or an epitope on a cell
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How many T cell receptors are on surface of mature T cell
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about 500,000
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What do TCR do?
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recognize specific Ag
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HOw many different TCRs exist?
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10 to the 11th
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What does a T cell bind to
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only an Ag (epitope) that is present by a cell NOT free floating
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What do T lymphocytes do when activated
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differentiate into CD4 T cell and CD8 T cell
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What are the 2 types of CD4 T cell
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T helper Type 1 (TH1 with CCR5 cytokine receptor)
T helper Type 2 (TH2 with CCR3 and CCR4 cytokine receptors) |
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What are CD8 T cell?
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cytotoxic T cell (Tc) can kill targets
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What are antigenic determinants?
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epitopes
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How big are epitopes?
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small molecules (<5,000 daltons)
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What are too small to be an Ag by itself?
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haptens
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What can induce immunity when attached to a carrier?
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haptens
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What is the difference between antigen and hapten?
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size
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Can a hapten interact with an Ab by itself?
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yes but cannot cause immune response alone
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What are cytokines?
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soluble regulatory proteins released by certain cells to regulate body functions
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What are cytokines produced by lymphocytes
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lymphokines
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What do interleukins do?
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signal among leukocytes
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What secrete IFN gamma?
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TH1
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What stimulate stem cells to grow?
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growth factors
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What kills tumor cells and regulates inflammation and immune response?
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tumor necrosis factor
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What attract lymphocytes?
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chemokines
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What causes antibody production?
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B cell is stimulated by Ag and it turns on a plasma cell to secrete Ab
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Where is antibody present?
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in serum, lymph, and blood
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What does antibody bind to?
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antigen
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Are antibodies soluble?
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yes
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Describe antibody structure:
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4 peptides with 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains linked by several disulfur bonds
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What is Fab
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site to bind to antigen
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What is Ac
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Where anitbody binds to host cell
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How many classes of Ab are there?
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5
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What are teh 2 regions to antibodies?
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constant and variable
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What is the Ag binding site?
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variable regions of H and L chains
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What are teh 5 classes of Ab?
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IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgC
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What is different between X and Z IgM?
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the constant (Fc) region but different variable (Fab) region
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AgX IgM and IgD have same what?
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Fab (variable) but different Fc (constant)
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How are Ab classes different?
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types of H chains
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How can IgM pentamer be joined?
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by peptide J chain
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What are the two forms of IgA?
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monomer and dimer (secretory)
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What is secreted to mucous membrane surface?
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IgA
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What makes IgA slippery?
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secretory complement
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What can produce antibody?
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plasma cell against a specific antigen
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What is the class switch sequence?
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IgM-IgD-IgG-IgE-IgA
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When does class switch occur?
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when plasma cells receive signals sent by TH1 and TH2 cells
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Describe movt of class switch
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one way and nonreversible
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Can you skip or delete in the class switch?
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yes
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What is the chain for IgG?
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gamma heavy chain
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HOw much does IgG make up of Ab?
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80-85%
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Where is IgG
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in blood and body fluid
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What is the major Ab for defense
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IgG
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What does IgG do?
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everything that Abs do: agglutinate, fix complement, and neutralize toxins and viruses
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What is the only class that moves across placenta?
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IgG
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Where does IgG bind
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free floating and epitope
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What exists as pentamer?
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IgM
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What is the chain for IgM
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Mu
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What % is IgM
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5-10% of total Ab
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Where is IgM
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in serum or on B cell surface
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What is the 1st Ab produced
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IgM
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When is IgM produced
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4 days after exposure to Ag
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What does IgM do
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agglutination, C' fixation, neutralization
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What does IgG do?
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everything that Abs do: agglutinate, fix complement, and neutralize toxins and viruses
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What is the only class that moves across placenta?
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IgG
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Where does IgG bind
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free floating and epitope
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What exists as pentamer?
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IgM
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What is the chain for IgM
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Mu
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What % is IgM
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5-10% of total Ab
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Where is IgM
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in serum or on B cell surface
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What is the 1st Ab produced
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IgM
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When is IgM produced
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4 days after exposure to Ag
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What does IgM do
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agglutination, C' fixation, neutralization
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What does IgG do?
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everything that Abs do: agglutinate, fix complement, and neutralize toxins and viruses
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What is the only class that moves across placenta?
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IgG
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Where does IgG bind
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free floating and epitope
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What exists as pentamer?
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IgM
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What is the chain for IgM
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Mu
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What % is IgM
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5-10% of total Ab
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Where is IgM
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in serum or on B cell surface
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What is the 1st Ab produced
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IgM
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When is IgM produced
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4 days after exposure to Ag
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What does IgM do
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agglutination, C' fixation, neutralization
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What is the half life of IgM
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about 2 days: short
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When does IgM exist as monomer
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on B cell surface as B cell receptor to capture antigen
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What joins IgM together
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J chain
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What does increased IgM show?
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recent infection
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What is chain of IgA
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Alpha heavy chain
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What % of Ab is IgA
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15%
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Where does IgA exist
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in serum, body fluid, and secretion
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What joins the IgA dimer?
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J chain with secretory component
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What is IgA dimer?
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secreted to surface of mucous membrane to prevent attachment of Ag and also in milk
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What are fxns of IgA
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fixation (alternative pathway), agglutination, neutralization
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What is the chain of IgD
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delta
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What % of Ab is IgD
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0.2%
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What is fxn of IgD
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unknown function in serum
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Where is IgD a monomer?
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on B cell surface as BCR to recognize adn bind Ag
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What is chain of IgE
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epsilon H chain
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What % of Ab is IgE
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0.002%
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What does Fc of IgE attach to?
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basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils
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What happens when IgE binds to Fab?
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causes degranulation
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What is released when basophils mast cells and eosinophils are degranulated?
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make histamine, kinins, proteases, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and other inflammatory molecules which cause vasodilation and increased permeability
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What is humoral immune response?
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Ab production
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What 2 types of Ag may stimulate B cells
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T dependent and T independent
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What are most Ag
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T dependent
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What require T to stimulate B cells
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T dependent Ag
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What is T independent Ag
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polysaccharides with repeated epitopes (ex LPS) that does not need T to stimulate B cells
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What are antigen presenting cells (APC)
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macrophages and their functional relatives, such as dendritic cells in the skin (or Kupffer cells, etc) and B cells
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What do antigen presenting cells do?
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present Ag (epitopes)with MHC on cell surface
and produce cytokines to stimulate T cell growth |
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What is MHC I
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endogenous Ag (present to CD8 T)
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What is MHC II
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exogenous Ag (present to CD4 T)
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What is exogenous
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not made by you (ex: bacteria) MHC II
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What is endogenous?
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made by you (virus) MHC I
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Where are major histocompatibility antigens found?
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on surface of all nucleated cells (not RBCs)
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What happens to foreign cells
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grafted cells which bear foreign MHC on surface are rejected by host
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What is Class I MHC
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on all cells but RBCs
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What is Class II MHC
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on antigen presenting cells
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What are foreign cells attacked by?
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NK and T cells
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What is used as cell ID
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MHC: unique to individual
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What are MHC
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peptides embedded in cell membrane with Ag binding groove outward
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What are exogenous Ag?
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toxins, secretions, microbial cells, or components of microbial cells (not produced by you)
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What are autoantigens?
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self antigens: antigens present on normal cells
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What is autoimmunity?
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immune response against own normal Ags
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What are endogenious AG presented by MHC I?
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infected host cells express foreign antigen on cell surface
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What happens with viruses
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multiply in host, go into ER, theres MHC I they meet and link and migrate to surface and have MHCI with endogenous antigen determinants
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What are steps AB production (T dependent)
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Ag presentation, activation and differentiation of Th cells, clone selection of B cells for activation, differentiation of activated B cells
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What is APC do
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present Ag determinant with MHC II
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What does Niave Th do
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use TCR binds to Ag determinant/ CD4 binds to MHC II
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What happens with activation and differentiation of Th cells
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APC secretes ILS to activation Niave Th-> Th1 and/or Th2 + Memory Th
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WHat cells live a long time
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memory cells
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What determines if something is Th1 or Th2?
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cytokine environment
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What stimulates B cells to differentiate
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TH2
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What occurs in clone selection of B cells for activation
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BCR on B cell recognize and attach to Ag-> internalized and processed -> present the same Ag determinant with MHC II
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What occurs with B cell in clone selection
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B cell--MHC II-- Ag determinant --TCR -- ACtivated Th2 (activates B cells with ILs)
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What occurs with differentiation?
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activated B divides and differentiates -> a clone of plasma cells and memory B cells
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WHat do plasma cells do?
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secrete Ab
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What do memory cells do?
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persist in lymphatic tissue for years
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What happens when memory cells bind to Ag
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plasma cells
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What is second response
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stronger than first
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What are characteristics of memory response
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quicker response, higher concentration of IgG, third time is longer, more memory cells will be produced during secondary response
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What is Ag production of T dependent Ag?
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need help from: antigen presenting cells (macrophages and B cells with both MHC 1 and 2 complex on cell surface) and Th cells
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What does T dependent Ag do?
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generate memory cells and do class switch
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What does T independent Ab production do?
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repeated epitope can stimulate several BCR at once and large binding sends signal to cause B cell to differentiate (no class switch and no Th cell activation and no memory cells)
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What are negatives to T independent Ab production
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no class switch (only IgM), no memory cells and no Th cell activation
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Does T independent Ab production involve T cells
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no
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Does T independent Ab production form memory cells
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no
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Does T independent Ab production cause plasma cells to produce 5 classes of Ab
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no
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T independent Ab production: what type of Ab is produced?
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IgM
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Does T independent Ab production have a second exposure memory response
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no, no memory cells
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What gives stronger response: T dependent or independent
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T dependent
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What does sIgA do?
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prevent attachment of mos to mucous membrane
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Where are Ab IgG, IgM, and IgA?
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in blood and blody fluid
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What are actions of Ab
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agglutination, opsonization, C'fixation, neutralization, and Ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
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What is ADCC
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Ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
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What does agglutination do?
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stop them from moving easily
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What does opsonization do?
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flag them for a PMN or macrophage to swallow
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What does C' fixation do?
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cell lysis (MAC), opsonization (C3b), and inflammation (C3a, C4a, C5a): can destroy or remove Ag
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What does neutralization do?
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block attachment of viruses, bacteria, and toxins to their receptors
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Can Ab help if already bound to receptor?
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no
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What does ADCC do?
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help killer cells to kill target cells
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What are K cells
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have receptors for Fc of Ab
(macrophages, NK cells, PMN, macrophage, eosinophil) |
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How are things killed by oxidation
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Ab + bacterium-> stimulate production of HwOw and other oxidants and cause death of bacterium
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What occurs in ADCC?
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K cell binds to Ab coated target cell and releases toxic compunds at target
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Why would we need ADCC
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too large for macrophage to swallow
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What are eosinophils for?
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parasite
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What does Cell mediated immunity (CMI) do?
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kill turmos, infected cells, transplanted forein cells and parasites
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What does Tc do?
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kills target on contact
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What do Th1 cells do?
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release lymphokines to recruit, activate, and regulate nonspecific cells such as macrophages and NK
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What are principle cells in CMI?
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Th1 and Th2, Tc (kill specific target cells), Tr (regulate immune response), activated macrophage, NK
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What does Tc do?
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kills specific target cells
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What does Tr do?
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regulate immune response
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What does Naive Th do?
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make Th1 and Th2 and memory Th
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What does Th1 do?
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produce lymphokines to attract and activate macrophages, NK and help activate Tc cells
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What does TH2 do?
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produce lymphokines to help actvate B cells and produce lymphokines to increase production of eosinophils
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Where are lymphokines from
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both direct class swtich of plasma cells
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What do Tc cells do?
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kill target cells and display foreign Ag with MHC I
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HOw are Tc (CD8) cells activated
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by binding to Ag/MHC I on APC and cytokines are rpdouced by APC and Th1
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What do Tc use TCR for?
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to bind to Ag presented by MHCI on APC
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What do Tc use CD8 for?
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binds to MHC I
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What happens after Tc binding
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Niave Tc-> activated Tc + memory Tc cells
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What CD is on Th cells?
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CD4T
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What CD is on Tc cells
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CD8T
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What MHC is on CD4T cells
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II
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What MHC is on CD8T cells
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I
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What does Tc cell do?
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bind to target cell displaying a specific Ag with MHC I
TCR-Ag-MHCI CD8-MHCI |
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What happens after binding with TC
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it kills the target by killing with 2 pathways
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What are teh 2 pathways that Tc can kill by
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perforin granzyme cytotoxic pathway or CD 95 cytotoxic pathway
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What happens in perforin granzyme cytotoxic pathway?
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perforin forms channels on target membrane and granzyme activates apoptosis
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What is apoptosis
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cell suicide
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WHat occurs in CD95 cytotoxic pathway?
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CD95L (on activated Tc) binds to CD95 (on most body cells) -> active enzymes that trigger apoptosis
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What do some Tc cells become after activation?
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memory Tc cells which present in lymphatic tissues for years
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What happens when memory Tc cells are stimulated by Ag and cytokines from Th1 and memory Tc?
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make Tc and more memory Tc
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What is secondary memory Tc cell response
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quicker and stronger
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What a macrophage?
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gamma interferon by Th1 and makes activated macrophage
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What are properties of activated macrophage
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greater killing power, non specific, kills everything, bigger, more ruffly, more chemicals inside
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What type of response does free floating have
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antibody mediated
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What type of response does parasites with Ag have
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both
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What type do viral infected cells have?
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both but mainly cell mediated
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What do NK kill
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target cells nonspecifically
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What activates NK
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lymphokines such as IFN gamma
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What is clonal deletion theory?
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all the lymphocytes that are exposed to autoantigens are deleted during fetal development (unless you have an autoimmune disease)
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HOw does immune response discriminate between self and non self
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recognize self ags ex: MHC
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How is the immune response specific
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clonal selection: only the B cell with BCR complementary to antigen (or T cell with TCR complementary to anitgen) will be stimulated to differentiate into a clone of activated cells
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What do plasma cells produce
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Ab
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What does Th1 make
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cytokine to activate Tc
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What is heterogenicity?
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ability to produce a wide variety of BCR and TCR to recognize different antigens
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What is monoclonal ab?
|
make a pure mixture by diluting into wells and then mix with cancer cells to make survive
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What is poly H ab
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flagellum protein
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What is poly O
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carbohydrate (cell wall)
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What is poly Vi
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capsule polysaccharide
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