Biol 220 Muscles

Front 1

What is the function of muscles?

Back 1

1. Movement
2. stability
3. control of body openings
4. heat production
5. glycemic control

Front 2

A muscle must be a _______, and it must be ________.

Back 2

Fixed tube
Stationary

Front 3

Origin

Back 3

The bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end.

Front 4

Insertion

Back 4

the attachment site at its more mobile end.

Front 5

What are the characteristics that a tissue must have to be called a muscle tissue?

Back 5

1 Excitability
2 Contract ability
3 Extensibility
4 Conductivity
5 Elasticity

Front 6

Excitability
(characteristic of muscle tissue)

Back 6

-Has the ability to receive a stimulus and respond to it

-this is a property of all LIVING cells but muscle cells have this developed in the highest degree

Front 7

Contract
(characteristic of muscle tissue)

Back 7

- it has the ability to contract and be smaller

- Muscle cells are unique for their ability to shorten when stimulated. This enables them to pull on bones and other organs to create moment

Front 8

Extensibility
(characteristic of muscle tissue)

Back 8

- To Extend or stretch the muscle (Lengthen it)

- In order to contract a muscle, a muscle must also be able to extend, so it can stretch back during contractions

-can stretch up to 3X their contracted length
-most non-muscle cell will rupture it the are stretched a little

Front 9

Conductibility
(characteristic of muscle tissue)

Back 9

- It is able to respond to a stimulus in one spot and send it down to the rest of the cell by using waves.

- Process is rapid and it will begin the process leading to the contraction of the muscle

Front 10

Elasticity
(characteristic of muscle tissue)

Back 10

- when a muscle cell is stretched and then released, it recoils to a shorter length (Like elastic)

- if it could not recoil we would have to much slack for movement and it would be pointless to exercise

Front 11

Facials

Back 11

-- A space that has a whole bunch of skeletal muscle cells
-- you can see these in a cross section of the whole muscle

Front 12

Tough Fibrous Connective Tissue

Back 12

-- Surrounds the WHOLE muscle

--Separates the muscle cells in the facials

--Separates the facials from other facials

-- This is what tendons are made out of

Front 13

Perimysium

Back 13

--Thick connective that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called Facials

-- This carries the larger nerves and blood vessels as well as stretch receptors called muscle spindles

Front 14

Fasica

Back 14

-- Is a term that means it is a mucle that deals with connective tissue
-- perimysium is a type of Fasica

Front 15

What must cells have to contract and stretch?

Back 15

Oxygen & Glucose

Front 16

Why is Oxygen important for you to be able to contract and stretch your muscles??

Back 16

-- Oxygen get to the muscle by using blood vesicles

--Muscles get it from the capillaries in your connective tissue

--Capillaries will need to be in CT because the need to be anchored down.

Front 17

Why is Glucose important for you to be able to contract and stretch your muscles??

Back 17

-- We NEED energy to move our muscles. we want ATP!!

--We break down glucose in our mitochondrias (ETC occurs in the inner matrix of mitochondria)

-- When we break do glucose we yield:
-- 38 ATP
--CO2
--H2O
-- Heat Energy

Front 18

What does a muscle need to have in order for it to receive a message of stimulation?

Back 18

Neurons

Front 19

Motor Unit

Back 19

--A group of muscle cells connected to on neuron or axon end

-- Some have many cells attached to them some have few attached

--Each motor unit will have its own threshold

Front 20

Synapse

Back 20

is the point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell

Front 21

Nueromuscular Junction
or
Motor End Plate

Back 21

When the target cell is a muscle fiber and the nerve cell hits it

--Each terminal branch of the nerve fiber within the neuromuscular junction forms a separate synapses with the muscle fiber

--The sarcolemma (membrane around muscles) of the NMJ looks like a hand print

--One nerve fiber stimulates the muscle fiber at several points with in the MNJ

Front 22

Threshold

Back 22

--It is the level at which a muscle fiber can be touched at to respond

--all cells in 1 motor unit will have the same threshold

--The threshold level will never change for one motor unit

--Not all axons in on axon will have the same Threshold

--We have different thresholds because we do not ALWAYS moving our muscles at 100%

Front 23

Sub-threshold

Back 23

--A level that is not strong enough to cause a muscle to react

Front 24

All or None Law

Back 24

--If one of the cells respond it will respond in totality

--It either responds or it won't respond (there is non in-between)

Front 25

Connective Tissue has to have what on each one of the?

Back 25

Axons

Front 26

Lupus affects what?

Back 26

--Lupus will affect your connective tissue NOT your muscles

-- connective tissue is VERY important to muscles with out them we could not move

Front 27

Membrane Potential

Back 27

-- Going along an axon

Front 28

What is stored in the Axon knobs?

Back 28

A neurotransmitter
(it is normally acetylcholine in skeletal muscles but other neurotransmitters can be used)

Front 29

Acetylcholine

Back 29

--It is the most common neurotransmitter

-- It will be release from the axon knobs and it is going to find a receptor on the cell membrane and it will set up a series of responses that will make the muscle cell shorten and then go back to rest called the sliding filament

Front 30

Transfer Tubules
or
T-Tubules

Back 30

--are holes through muscle cells (if you poke a toothpick through a hot dog)

--The hole is covered with sarcolemma

--There is stuff in the hole called extra cellular fluid

-- Stacks of Sarcoplasm Reticulum surrounds the t-tubules in stacks or cristerna (like a spiral stair case around a fire pole)

Front 31

True OR False?

Muscle cells are mulch-nucleated.

Back 31

TRUE!

Nucleuses in muscle cells are located close to the sarcolemma (Membrane in muscle cells)

Front 32

Muscle cells have lots of _____ in them to help make energy so that they can function?

Back 32

they will have LOTS of mitochondrias to make ATP for the cell to give it energy to function.

Front 33

Sarcomere

Back 33

--The unit of structure and function in muscle cells
--Smallest functional unit

--Contracting filaments that will slip and slide

--Myofibrils with microfilaments

Front 34

Triad

Back 34

--Consists of:
1 T-Tubule
and
2 Sarcomeres

Front 35

Motor Neurons are ____Polar?

Back 35

Multi-Polar

Front 36

Multi-Polar

Back 36

Structurally classified neurons that have 3 or more processes attached to their cell body.

Front 37

Direction in which a message is sent on a Motor Multi-Polar Neuron?

Back 37

--The soma and the nucleus of the soma is where the message begins at

--Then the message will move all the way down the axon

--The message will go from the axon to the axon end or axon knobs

Front 38

Sarcolemma

Back 38

--Skeletal muscles cell membrane

Front 39

Sarcoplasm

Back 39

--Cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell

Front 40

Sarcoplasm Reticulum

Back 40

--This will surround the T-tubules in stacks or cristerna (Stairs around Fire pole)

Front 41

Myofibril

Back 41

--Can be seen if you are shown a cross section of a SINGLE muscle cell

--Each myofibril is filled with thick and thin myofilaments

--The way these things lie over each other will give skeletal muscles their cross striations

Front 42

what is a neurotransmitter's job?

Back 42

--Its job is to attach its self to a receptor and this will set up sending the message across the synaptic space, and start the message fresh on the muscle cell.

Front 43

Skeletal muscle contains?

Back 43

Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nerves
Blood Vessels

Front 44

What are the connective tissues in muscle cells from deep to superficial ?

Back 44

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Fascial

Front 45

Endomysium

Back 45

--A thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

--It also creates room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber.

--It ensures the NO Muscle cell is with out stimulation and nourishment

Front 46

Epimysium

Back 46

This is a fibrous sheet that surrounds the entire muscle.

Front 47

Fascia

Back 47

--This is a sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and from other tissue

Front 48

Action Potential

Back 48

--If a stimulus is intense enough that the neuron will transport the message and action potential it will release enough acetylcholine so it will affect a change on that muscle cell

--Action potentials are located on axons and muscle cells

--Action Potentials will look for t-tubules

--Once an action potential gets into a t-tubule it goes in and runs into a cell membrane

--When the action potential hits the membrane it will be the stimulus for voltage disruption this will tell the calcium in the ER cristernea to exit

Front 49

Where are the Calcium ions stored?

Back 49

--Ca+ ions are stored in the sarcomere or the Sarcoplasmic ER

Front 50

Z-Line

Back 50

--the 2 Z-Lines will make up the boundary of a sarcomere

Front 51

I-Band

Back 51

--Less dense, lighter (during rest)

Front 52

A-Band

Back 52

--More dense, darker (During rest)

Front 53

Myofilaments

Back 53

--Each myofibril is a bundle of parallel protein microfillaments called Myofilaments

Front 54

Thin Myofilaments consists of?

Back 54

--Actin
--Troponin
--Tropomyosin
--ADP Active Sites

Front 55

Actin

Back 55

--Protein

--Action comes from protein synthesis

--Tells "momma DNA to make a messenger goes through translation and transcription

--you cant this protein in the cell to it will be made on a poly-ribosome (it wont be sent out of cell)

Front 56

ADP Active Sites

Back 56

--Can bind to the head of a myosin fiber

--"pieces of Velcro"

--Covering this will be the troponin tropomyosin complexes so that the ADP active sites are not exposed

Front 57

What makes up the troponin tropomyosin complex??

What does it do?

Back 57

troponin and tropomyosin

--Protein that will block the active site and prevents the myosin from binding with them when the fiber is relaxed

Front 58

Thick Myofilament consists of ?

Back 58

--Myosin
--ATP molecules
--ATPase

Front 59

ATPase

Back 59

--Is the enzyme that will work on ATP

Front 60

Myosin Molecule

Back 60

-- Each has a Main Axis

--Made up of Myosin protein

--Will be studded with lots of ATP this ATP will come from the mitochondria (NEED lots of mitochondrias in muscles because they need ATP, also mitochondrias can reproduce because they have energy)

Front 61

How does the Myosin Fibers work?

Back 61

--It will lift up and touch the ADP active sites the "Velcro" and it will act like water to help the fibers move.

--It requires energy to move

--In order for the globular head to touch the Velcros we will have to move the troponin tropomyosin complexes and disengage with ADP active sites

--if all the sarcomere stuffed in these cells are moving at the same time you are making this whole muscle ell shorten

--muscle moves because it is attached to a tendon and a bone (it will Pull of the bone with the help of tendons)(basis of movement for arms and legs

Hint 61

Picture-- a skinny boat with ores to move boat forward move up and forward and the ores will push the water to help the boat move
Water is like the ADP Active site

Front 62

Voltage Disruption

Back 62

--Action Potential goes into T-Tubule and it hits the cell cell membrane it will cause a voltage disruption.

--This Voltage disruption will cause the ca+ ions to diffuse out into the sarcoplasm

--Calcium will attach itself to the troponin tropomyosin complex (this attachment will cause it to move out of the way

--It will move out of the way so the ADP Active sites are exposed and the globular heads can attach to it to help the muscle contract

--Calcium will turn on ATPase and tell ATPase to do its job

--The ATPase will break the high energy bond in ATP and release energy for movement

Front 63

Calcium helps make sure

Back 63

--Calcium is stored in ER cristernae

--Helps make sure we have enough energy for movement

-- Helps move the troponin tropomyosin complex for the globular heads to connect to ADP active sites and help the muscle contract

Front 64

Sliding Filament Theory

Back 64

--It is that these filaments will slide on top of each other

--They will NOT snap back like elastic

--these filament wont get shorter during contractions the movement of these fibers will allow contraction

--When muscle is at rest H-Zone will be present

--When muscle is contracted H-Zone is obliterated or destroyed

Front 65

How does a muscle go back to normal (relaxed) after it contracts?

Back 65

-- We need to put calcium back into storage or else this process will keep going

--An Active transport carrier molecule will pick up and carry the calcium back to storage (ATP is needed to move calcium back to storage)

Front 66

What controls how intense our muscle movements are?

Back 66

--it will depend on how many globular head are turned on at one time

--More heads turned on more intense

--Less heads turned on less intense

Front 67

What is the order in which our body will provide us with energy?

Back 67

1. ATP stored in cells
2. ADP + Creatine Phosphate -->ATP
3. glycogen/myoglobin
4. anaerobic respiration of glucose
5. Aerobic respiration of glucose

Front 68

ATP stored in cells

Back 68

--You have 6 seconds worth of ATP sitting in your cells at any given time

--As soon as you begin to use this ATP you will begin to make more.

Front 69

ADP + Creatine Phosphate (CP) -->ATP

Back 69

--Steps 1 & 2 combined = 10-15 secs of energy

--CP is a high energy molecule

--We have a Lot of ADP lying around cause we just broke down ATP

--We also have a lot of Organic phosphate lying around

--The phosphate in CP beaks off and bonds with ADP to make ATP (this happens VERY quickly)

Front 70

Glycogen/Myoglobin

Back 70

--Glycogen & Myoglobin are stored in your muscles and in liver

--Glycogen - is stored carbohydrates (like starch is in plants) (each human has different amounts)

--Myoglobin - stored protein in your skeletal muscle cells this protein hold oxygen

--Oxygen is necessary for cell respiration

Hint 70

energy for a 100m dash in 15 seconds

Front 71

Anaerobic Respiration of glucose

Back 71

--Glucose - Pyruvic Acid - Lactic Acid

--NO oxygen is used

--This is happening so fast that the pyruvic acid does not have time to slip into aerobic respiration

--Lactic acid will give you energy to finish the activity

--Lactic acid accumulates in body and it is not good

Hint 71

For short spurts of activity

100m swim/tennis

Front 72

Aerobic Respiration of glucose and fats

Back 72

--Glycolysis -- Citric Acid Cycle --ETC

--uses Oxygen

--It take time (steady State)

--Fatty acids are burned going at a steady state you will burn fat

--Glucose - increase activity sprints you will burn glucose