Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Big Bang (When?) |
10-15 bn years ago |
|
|
Form Protons and Neutrons |
Quarks |
|
|
Protostars produce heavier elements up to... ? |
26 Fe |
|
|
Protostar explosion |
Supernova |
|
|
Formation of our solar system and sun (When?) |
4.6bn years ago |
|
|
Main elements forming earth in molten phase |
Fe, Mg, So, O |
|
|
Age of oldest rocks |
4.28 bn years old |
|
|
Formation of Earth's crust (When?) |
4.2 to 4.1 bn years ago |
|
|
First atmosphere composition |
H2 and He |
|
|
Second atmosphere composition |
CO2, N2, H2O, H2*, S gases*, ammonia*, methane* |
|
|
Heavy bombardment period (when?) |
4.5 - 3.8 bn years ago |
|
|
Generated 2nd atmosphere (what?) |
Volcanic out-gassing (80%) and impact bodies (20%) |
|
|
Third Atmosphere Composition |
O2, N2, traces of other gases |
|
|
Liquid water on Earth surface by when? |
3.9bn years ago |
|
|
Biomarkers |
Sterols, pigments, org. C deposits, chemical changes |
|
|
Isotope of C favored by enzyme rxns |
12C |
|
|
Miller-Urey experiment (produced what?) |
17 of 20 amino acids, all purines and pyrmidines |
|
|
Murchison meteorite contained what? |
Purines/Pyrimidines, polyols, aa's |
|
|
Organic compounds (what are they?) |
C-Rich compounds with C-C bonded together |
|
|
ALH84001 meteorite contained what? |
Evidence of microorganisms |
|
|
Organic molecules in space found w/infrared spectroscopy |
Methane, Methanol, Formaldehyde, Cyanoqcetylene |
|
|
Ribozyme (What is it?) |
RNA molecule with enzymatic properties |
|
|
First step in evolution of cells |
Formation of outer membrane to encase nucleic acids & proteins |
|
|
Fused to form vesicles |
Micelles |
|
|
Requirements for life |
Liquid Water, Energy Source, Essential elements |
|
|
Three main sources of organisms |
Light, Organic Molecules, Inorganic Molecules |
|
|
External energy constraints |
Shortage/Food Quality |
|
|
Internal Energy Constraints |
Digestion/Enzyme Catalysis |
|
|
Hydroxy-apatite (makes up what?) |
Bones of vertebrates |
|
|
Cytochrome (Do what?) |
Electron carrier proteins |
|
|
6 main elements used by Organisms |
C, H, O, P, N, S |
|
|
Two factors that affect concentration of essential elements |
Different environments & geological time |
|
|
Characteristics of first organism |
Chemoautotroph or heterotroph, anaerobic, hyperthermophilic, halophilic, prokaryotic |
|
|
Earliest form of photosynthesis based on? |
Sulfur |
|
|
Earliest form of photosynthesis was... |
Anoxygenic |
|
|
Earliest form of photosynthesis carried out by? |
S bacteria |
|
|
Early photosynthesis chemical equation |
CO2 + 2H2S = CH2O + 2S + H2O |
|
|
First appearance of photosynthetic cyanobacteria |
3.5-2.7 bya |
|
|
Collects in ocean after start of O2 production on Earth |
SO4 ²- |
|
|
SO4 ²- accumulation in ocean (result of what?) |
S and N oxydation |
|
|
When do eukaryotes first appear in fossil records |
1.8 bya |
|
|
How old are rocks in which steranes produced by eukaryotes are found |
~2.7bya |
|
|
Prokaryote type of ribosome |
70s ribosome |
|
|
Prokaryote outer cell wall composition |
Peptidoglycan |
|
|
Mitochondria (what type of bacterium) |
Proteobacterium |
|
|
Chloroplast (What type of bacterium) |
Cyanobacterium |
|
|
Nucleomorph (What is it?) |
Remnant of nucleus of endosymbiont in chloroplast |
|
|
What is classification in each lineage of life based on? |
rRNA |
|
|
HGT effected by what? |
Plasmid |
|
|
What % of E. Coli genome can be traced to HGT |
20% |
|
|
Three major groups of Archea |
Euryarchaota, Crenarcheota, Korarcheota |
|
|
Lochiaracheota (what are they?) |
Newly discovered group of organisms identified near deep sea vents off coast of norway |
|
|
Euryarchaota (contain what?) |
Methanogens and halophils |
|
|
Euryarchaeota (live where?) |
Extreme environments |
|
|
How many major lineages of bacteria? |
12 |
|
|
Most ancient group of bacteria |
Aquifex-Hydrogenobacter group |
|
|
Aquifex-Hydrogenobacter group (what type of metabolism) |
Hyperthermophilic Chemoautotroph |
|
|
Aquifex-Hydrogenobacter group (what energy source?) |
H2 or reduced S |
|
|
Proteobacteria (Contain which genera?) |
Heterotrophic and Phototrophic genera |
|
|
Proteobacteria (Contains which type of bacteria?)
|
Purple and Green Sulfur bacteria |
|
|
Proteobacteria, main characteristics
|
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis, most metabolically diverse group |
|
|
Proteobacteria examples |
E. Coli/Purple Photosynthetic Bacterium
|
|
|
N2 fixation (What is it?)
|
Conversion of N2 into NH3 |
|
|
Cyanobacteria (Main Characteristics?) |
Phototrophic, Oxygenic Photosynthesis, most important primary producers in lakes/oceans |
|
|
Excavates (Main Characteristics?) |
Diverse, Parasitic Org., Flagellated, Obligate Anaerobes
|
|
|
Excavates (Examples?) |
Trichonympha, Entamoeba Hystolytica |
|
|
Trichonympha (Main characteristics) |
Lives in termite guts, cellulose degrading bacteria, symbiotic |
|
|
Cause of sleeping sickness? |
Trypanosoma |
|
|
Trypanosoma (Type of Organism?)
|
Kinetoplastid |
|
|
Chromalveolates (Contain What?) |
23 previous groups, algae, some non-photosynthetic groups |
|
|
Algae acquired chloroplasts how?
|
Secondary or Tertiary Endosymbiosis
|
|
|
Chromalveolates (Characteristics)
|
Primary producers/Consumers planktonic communities lakes/oceans |
|
|
Examples of Chromalveolate groups |
Dinoflagellates, apicomplexa, ciliates, brown algae, diatoms |
|
|
Dinoflagellates (what type of species) |
Heterotrophic and phototrophic |
|
|
Dinoflagellates (Characteristics) |
Form dormant cyst stage, some symbionts of corals |
|
|
Apicomplexa (Characteristics) |
Obligate parasites, apical organelle complex to help attach |
|
|
Apicomplexa (Example)
|
Plasmodium sp. |
|
|
Diatoms (Characteristics)
|
10 000 species, 25% global primary prod., exoskeleton, male gamete flagellum |
|
|
Frustule (What is it?) |
Silica exoskeleton of diatoms |
|
|
Oomycetes (Characteristics)
|
Water molds, filaments, cause agricultural diseases |
|
|
Agricultural diseases caused by Oomycetes |
Downy mildew of grapes, Potato blight |
|
|
Phaeophyta (Characteristics) |
No unicellular representatives |
|
|
Diatoms, Oomycetes, Phaeophyta (Part of which larger group?) |
Stremenophile
|
|
|
Rhizaria (Characteristics) |
United only by molecular data, heterotrophic cells |
|
|
Structure produced by Rhizaria, used in feeding |
Pseudopodia |
|
|
Archeplastida (what is contained in this group?) |
Red & Green Algae, Land Plants, Charophytes |
|
|
Archeplastida plastids originated how? |
Primary Endosymbiosis |
|
|
Archeplastida type of sexual reproduction |
Isogamy and Oogamy |
|
|
Chlamydomonas (Characteristics) |
Unicellular, model for evolution |
|
|
Colonial form of Chlamydomonas
|
Volvox |
|
|
Chara (characteristics) |
distinct reproductive systems with eggs |
|
|
Chara and Chamydomonas (Part of which group?)
|
Chlorophyta
|
|
|
Unikonts (Contain what)
|
Parasitic protists, slime molds, amoebae, animals and fungi, Choanoflagellates
|
|
|
Choanoflagellates (characteristics) |
Simplest and most ancient of animals, ressemble cells of sponges |
|
|
When do multicellular organisms appear?
|
600mya |
|
|
Appearance of multicellular organisms coincides with what? |
Dramatic rise in O2 in atmosphere |
|
|
How many times have all different forms of multicellularity evolved |
At least 16 times |
|
|
Provides geological evidence for Fe(III) reduction |
Massive Magnetite accumulation during Archaean era |
|
|
Great Oxidation event (occured when?) |
2.4 bya
|
|
|
Noxious by-products of O2 |
Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide
|
|
|
What should organism classification reflect?
|
Reflect evolutionary distances/relationships
|
|
|
Used by Halophils in light mediated ATP pathway |
Bacteriorhodopsin |
|
|
Heterocysts (what are they?) |
Help with N2 fixation in bacteria |
|
|
Algae (acquired chloroplasts how?) |
Secondary and Tertiary Endosymbiosis |
|
|
Responsible for red tides |
Gonyaulax |
|
|
Responsible for Malaria
|
Plasmodium sp
|
|
|
Contains plastids that occured by primary endosymbiosis
|
Archeplastida |
|
|
Isogamy |
Same size gametes |
|
|
Oogamy |
Ovule larger than sperm |
|
|
Data for phylogenetic tree (from where?) |
Morphology/DNA
|
|
|
Formation of stalk in plant species advantages |
Elevation from substrate and wind dispersion of propagules
|
|
|
Cambrian |
Sharp increase in invertebrate fossils |
|
|
Silurian
|
First land plants, land invertebrates
|
|
|
Devonian |
Rise of fishes, first land vertebrates |
|
|
Origin of plants (when?) |
430mya
|
|
|
Plants vascular lineage (when?) |
Early Devonian, 390mya |
|
|
Seed lineage (when?) |
Late Devonian, 360mya
|
|
|
Flower Lineage (When?)
|
Early Cretaceous, 130mya |
|
|
AGNATHANS |
Lamprey |
|
|
OSTRACODERMS |
Shell-Skinned Fishes
|
|
|
PLACODERMS |
Armored Fishes |
|
|
CHONDRICHTHYES
|
Shark |
|
|
ACANTHODIANS |
Spiny Fishes |
|
|
OSTEICHTHYES
|
Ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes |
|
|
Ray-finned fishes (example)
|
Perch
|
|
|
Lobe-finned fishes (example) |
Coelacanth |
|
|
Pennsylvanian |
Early Reptiles |
|
|
Mississippian
|
Dev. Amphibians and insects
|
|
|
Acanthostega |
Spends most of its life on water, can venture on to land, eight toes |
|
|
Jurassic |
Giant dinosaurs, first birds |
|
|
Cretaceous
|
1st flowering plants, exctinction of dinosaurs |
|
|
Paleocene |
Radiation of primitive mammals |
|
|
Hox Genes |
Genes for body development, used all over body |
|
|
Cambrian Explosion Causes |
Geological Conditions, O2 Levels, Predator-Prey Relationship, Dev. Tool kit for gene |
|
|
Parazoa description |
Marine, asymmetrical, no true tissues |
|
|
Lophotrochozoa |
United by presence of Lophophore, set of ciliated tentacles around the mouth
|
|
|
Plants evolved how? |
From Green Algae (Aquatic Seaweed) |
|
|
Bryophytes (what are they?) |
Simplest land plants, limited to moist environments |
|
|
Three evolutionary changes that allowed plants to move onto land |
Reduction in size of gametophyte, evolution of easily dispersible pollen, encasement of spores in seeds |
|
|
Gymnosperms (Characteristics) |
Naked-seed, Non-Flowering, Seeds hidden within cones, Seeds not enclosed in fruit, double fertilization |
|
|
Angiosperms (Charcteristics) |
Flowering Plants, seeds enclosed in ovary, seeds enclosed by protective fruit |
|
|
Fungi Cell walls made from what? |
Chitin |
|
|
Fungi feeding |
Absorb nutrients from substrate, realease digestive enzymes, soak up org. molecules |
|
|
Two types of changes in Chromosome number |
Number of entire sets of chromosomes, numbers of single chromosomes within set |
|
|
Repetitive Doubling (what is it?) |
Polyploidy |
|
|
Transposons |
Produce Transposase Enzyme |
|
|
Evo-Devo |
Understand how genes interact with environment during dev. & how this affects the way evolution works |
|
|
Genetic Inheritance (direction) |
Mainly vertical
|
|
|
Epigenetic Inheritance (Direction) |
Only Vertical |
|
|
Parental Inheritance (Direction) |
Only Vertical |
|
|
Ecological Inheritance (Direction) |
Mainly vertical with some divergence |
|
|
Cultural Inheritance direction |
Any direction |
|
|
Directional Evolution Example |
Animal/Plant breeders who select for extremes of yield
|
|
|
Natural Selection Conditions |
Increase in number of individuals in a species, competition for limited ressources, surival of the few
|
|
|
Three types of species |
Biological, Morphospecies, Phylogenetic
|
|
|
Biological Species Advantage |
Species defined on basis of criterium important for their evolution (reproductive isolation)
|
|
|
Biological Species Disadvantage |
Exceptions exists, too much time needed to test |
|
|
Morphospecies Concept |
Composed of Phenotypically Similar Individuals
|
|
|
Morphospecies concept advantages |
Can be applied more easily |
|
|
Morphospecies Disadvantages |
Requires Arbitrary decision, some distantly related species similar in appearance |
|
|
Agamaospecies |
Based on genetic similarities |
|
|
Phylogenetic Species Concept |
Groups defined by unique characters that no other groups possess (i.e. DNA) |
|
|
Phylogenetic Concept Advantages
|
Focuses on operationally defining species |
|
|
Phylogenetic Concept Disadvantages |
Method used = big effect on outcome, history of different genes= different results ` |
|
|
Allopatric Speciation Steps |
Geographic Isolation, Local Adaptation, Reproductive Isolation
|
|
|
Sympatric Speciation |
Happens without geographic isolation |
|
|
Sympatric Speciation Example |
Plant Polyploidy |
|
|
Geo. Isolation |
Species in diff. places |
|
|
Ecological Isolation |
Species utilize different ressources in habitat |
|
|
Behavioral Isolation |
Species have different mating rituals
|
|
|
Temporal Isolation |
Mating/Flowering @ different seasons/times of day |
|
|
Mechanical Isolation |
Structural Difference prevent mating or pollen transfer |
|
|
Living Fossils Examples |
Lingula/Horseshoe crab
|
|
|
Decline of CO2 concentration in second atmosphere (caused by what?) |
Absorption by Oceans, reaction with silicates in rocks |
|
|
Sources of energy for chemoautotrophs |
H2, H2S, NH4+, Fe(II) |
|
|
Spriggina |
Ediacran Bioata, Plant or Animal
|
|
|
Dickinsonoia
|
Ediacran Biota, possible jellyfish |
|
|
Anomalocaris |
Burgess Shale Fauna, possible predatory arthropod |
|
|
Opabinia |
Burgess Shale Fauna, possible predatory arthropod |
|
|
Wiwaxia |
Burgess Shale Fauna, possible polychaete worm
|
|
|
Pikaia
|
Burgess Shale Fauna, Early Chordate
|
|
|
Ecydsozoa |
Molting: Nematodes and Arthropods |
|
|
Deuterostomia |
Echinoderms |
|
|
Amine Oxidases |
Mammalian Copper Dependent Enzymes, Oxidative Deamination |
|
|
Ceruloplasmin |
Mammalian Copper Dependent Enzyme, Iron Oxidation
|
