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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ethnobotany:
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the use of plants by man for food and medicine and the impact of the culture of man.
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what is the origin of ethnobotany?
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began even before hominids became human.
--- the gathering of certain preferred plants over others impacted migration patterns --- scientist see the same kind of interactions in gorillas and chimps today. |
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What are some classic examples of ethnobotany?
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1) maize
--- was domesticated, is unable to survive in the wild, therefore it must be a product of domestication --- the seeds are permanently attached to the central axis, again seeds wont disperse (+ for a domestic crop) --- seeds are not well protected from animals 2) cotton --- domesticated twice ------- old world (diploid) ------- new world (polyploid) [eventually new world cotton replaced old world cotton] 3) potato and other tubers --- originally domesticated in south america --- a great variety --- still a great source of genetic diversity for breeding against pest.. --- important food crop |
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What is teosinte?
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it is believed to be the ancestral plant to maize
--- has the same general configuration as maize but several factors which make it less suitable as a crop plant than maize ----- few kernals ----- now protective husk, but individual carpels which are woody and difficult to remove ----- kernels disperse easily |
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How has teosinte been helpful in present times?
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a rare species of teosinte was found(1977)
- the only known source of several genes that were protective against viral disease of corn |
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When do anthropologist believe civilization began?
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when change occurred from hunter/gatherer societies to agricultural societies.
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what does a civilization require?
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the domestication of plants and animals to carry out agriculture.
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Where did plant domestication probably began?
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in the fertile crescent.
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What is the basis of plant breeding?
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wild seeds of food producing plants were planted and over time better varieties were selected and planted again.
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what were the first plants to be domesticated?
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wheat and barley
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What plants were grown and eaten influenced much of early society in...
a) asia b) central america and mexico c) middle east and eastern mediterranean |
a) rice
b) maize c) wheat |
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When did the green revolution began?
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around 1850, around the time the industrial revolution began.
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What is the green revolution?
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- it was the beginnings of mass production of goods with interchangable parts.
- items were much more available and much cheaper to buy (farming eq., guns, household items) - agriculture became industrialized. |
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How did agriculture become industrialized in the green revolution?
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- mass planting and mass harvesting which created a demand for crops that ripened at the same time.
- demands for other cultural characteristics that would help a farmer increased such as.. --- greater yield --- pest resistance --- drought resistance --- cold tolerance |
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Artificial selection:
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aka: crop breeding
- desired characteristics were added to plants. - occurred form late 1800's and continues now. |
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what were the characteristics of crop breeding (artificial selection) plants [products of the green revolution]?
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- production of 10 to 100 greater yields
- resist a variety of plant pathogens - withstand cold and drought better |
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what were some consequences of the green revolution?
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- the tremendous increases in yield positively affected world nutrition and health.
- crops produced were tailored to specific climatic conditions which then gave much better yields than before - the greatest increase in world population. - genetic diversity of crop plants had decreased (left crops vulnerable to new diseases) |
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when did the genetic engineering era begin?
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in the 1980's
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describe the genetic engineering era?
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direct manipulation of the genome began.
- genes could be directly picked for introduction into crop plants: --- pest resistance --- disease resistance --- cold tolerance --- drought tolerance --- herbicide resistance --- nutritional genes |
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What are some pluses due to genetic engineering?
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- can respond more rapidly to changing conditions
- better control of genes/ more direct manipulation - can add genes from unrelated species |
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What are the minuses of genetic engineering?
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- public perception (frankfood)
- unintended hybrids (canola or rapseed and mustard) ---- can created resistance to a parasitic plant. |
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Crops produced by the green revolution required the use of what farming techniques?
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industrial farming tech.
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what was required for industrial farming?
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- irrigation (water depletion, salinization)
- fertilization (limited supply, expensive, polluting) - pesticide/herbicides (limited supply, expensive, polluting) - industrial equipment (limited supply, expensive, polluting) - tilling (soil loss) |
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Feeding a growing world population will require a multidisciplinary approach such as?
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- local food production (fewer food supply lines that use energy for transport, avoids the pitfall of industrial agriculture)
- alternative crops - decrease world population - genetic engineering |
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What are gene chips?
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chips that help tell genetic profile of anything.
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What is the outcome of using a gene chip to breed?
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is a crop organism with the traits you want but are not genetically modified.
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What are secondary metabolites?
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compounds produced after plant has developed to fend off herbivores, yell for help or wage war.
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example of compounds used in traditional cultures for medicinal and cultural uses?
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- cocaine (painkiller)
- morphine (painkiller) - curar (heart muscle relaxant) - mescaline (hallucinogen) - taxol (cancer drug) - penicllin (antibiotic) - asprin (painkiller) |
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where are most medicinal plants found?
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in the tropical forests
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What are some important characteristics of plants?
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- produce oxygen
- fixes carbon dioxide - provides 70% of world's protein - nearly all medicines until about 1990 were derived from plants and fungi - maintains habitats - stores carbon dioxide - provides wood products - aesthetic value. |
