Biol 116 Microorganisms And Infection

Front 1

correct term for WBC

Back 1

Lymphocytes

Front 2

T Cell?

Back 2

T Lymphocyte
The abbreviation T, in T cell, stands for thymus, since this is the principal organ responsible for the T cell's maturation.
Originates in bone marrow

Front 3

describe the B cell receptor

Back 3

two antigen binding sites
Y shapes, same as an antigen
tail for cell signalling

Front 4

Describe Dendritic cells

Back 4

Long membranous projections to engulf microorganisms
present in tissues in contact with the external environment, such as the skin and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines.
Once activated, they migrate to the lymph nodes
process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system

Front 5

HCM?

Back 5

Histo
compatability
Complex
class 1 or 2

Front 6

name the organelle that breaks down microorganisms

Back 6

Lysosomes
are cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes to break down waste materials

Front 7

what MHC is present in dendritic cells and what does it do?

Back 7

Class 2 Major HistoCompatability Molecule (MHC)
displaying fragmented pieces or antigens on the host cell's surface
Signature Peptide

Front 8

what helps secure bond between dendritic cell and Helper T?

Back 8

CD4

Front 9

Signalling dendritic cells activate what?

Back 9

Helper T cells
activation = clonal population proliferation

Front 10

name the chemical signal which clonal helper T cells release

Back 10

cytokines

Front 11

what does cytokines do

Back 11

cell signalling protein molecule
stimulate/activate nearby
1-Cytotoxic T cells
2-B cells
*** specify for the same virus (antigen)

Front 12

what type of WBC can bind to a virus?

Back 12

B cells
Not cytotoxic T

Front 13

what do activated cytotoxic T cells do

Back 13

Interaction between VIRUS INFECTED CELL and helperT
participate in cell-mediated immune response
How?

Hint 13

Recognise specific antigen (signalling peptide) of infected cell
bind using class 1 MHC complex
Kill Cell

Front 14

what is a BCR

Back 14

B Cell Receptor

Front 15

How are B cells activated?

Back 15

1- directly binding to virus/antigen
2- helper T cell activation via MHC 2

Front 16

what is used to communicate between activated helper T cells and B cells?

Back 16

Lymphokines
CD8 protein

Front 17

What happens once B cells are activated?

Back 17

Mitosis and differentiation
clonal PLASMA cell population
secretion of ANTIBODIES

Hint 17

Humoral Immune Response

Front 18

explain cell-mediated immune response

Back 18

fragments of antigen displayed on VIRUS INFECTED CELL surface by Class 1 MHC molecule
Activated cytotoxic T cell binds to specific antigen
PERFORIN makes opening on plasma membrane
GRANZYMES - proteolytic enzymes - induce apoptosis

Front 19

Explain Humoral immune response

Back 19

Antibodies - released from plasma cells activated by B cells - bind to infected cell
formation of MAC -membrane attack complex
MAC forms transmembrane channels. These channels disrupt the phospholipid bilayer of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death

Front 20

how are virus particles disposed of?

Back 20

soluble antigens bind to antibodies forming a precipitation
Dendritic cells engulf - phagocytosis

Front 21

how is re-infection countered?

Back 21

Macrophages - another WBC
Engulf antigens
lysosome
Class 2 MHC molecule
signalling peptide
Binds to MEMORY helper T cell
gene expression
cell cloning leads to activated cytotoxic T and B cell

Front 22

what is a vaccine?

Back 22

a version of a pathogen INCAPABLE of causing disease

Front 23

what is vaccination?

Back 23

Deliberate introduction of a vaccine

Front 24

Purpose of vaccination?

Back 24

*** Trigger primary immune response
create memory cells - legacy
memory helper and cytotoxic T cells, B cells
specific for the antigen choosen

Front 25

summarise cell-mediate and Humoral response for a secondary Immune response

Back 25

Cell-mediated immune response:
Disposal of virus infected cells (Clones of memory cytotoxic cells)

Humoral response
Disposal of viral particles (antibodies from plasma cells of memory B

Front 26

Subunit Vaccines

Back 26

Whole pathogen not required
Use protein (subunit) as antigen
Use recombinant DNA technology

Front 27

Recombinant DNA?

Back 27

(rDNA) DNA sequences that result from the use of laboratory methods (molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in biological organisms

Front 28

Example of subunit vaccine

Back 28

Hepatitus B
Antigen = a portion of the viral coat (protein)
GE Yeast grow up protein after undergoing rDNA using gene transfer
Yeast express gene and generate protein
Protein isolated packaged and distributed

Front 29

Advantages and disadvantages of rDNA and subunit vaccines

Back 29

1= Cost
2= Safety: non-infectious protein used cf virus
3= Production Control: Testable, flexible, short production cycle

Disadvantages include public opinion, will the accept or use it?

Front 30

Explain molecular farming

Back 30

Transgenic plants and animals produce desired proteins

Front 31

Advantages of edible vaccines

Back 31

Delivery = eaten raw (no needles)
no refrigeration
good for developing countries and children

Front 32

3 types of drug discovery?

Back 32

1= Mechanism-based approach
2= Physiology-based approach
3= Bioprospecting

Front 33

Explain Mechanism-based drug discovery

Back 33

A know MECHANISM = target enzyme
test for selective interference
test LEAD COMPOUND for therapeutic EFFICACY- is it drug like?

Front 34

Explain Physiology-based drug discovery

Back 34

No know mechanism - use BIOASSAY
Extract tested on DISEASE MODEL in cell culture
Test for NORMALISATION OF SYMPTONS
continue the process- lead compound- therapeutic EFFICACY

Front 35

efficacy?

Back 35

Efficacy is the capacity to produce an effect

Front 36

explain bioprospecting

Back 36

search natural products for useful drugs
Microbes, plants and animals

Front 37

two types of screening methods for bioprospecting

Back 37

folk remedies
random large scale screening

Front 38

Good example of folk remedy?

Back 38

Opium produces MORPHINE
first ALKALOID discovery

Front 39

Alkaloids?

Back 39

Secondary metabolites
N containing heterocyclic carbon rings
White crystals, slightly water soluble, alkaline

Front 40

3 examples of alkaloids

Back 40

morphine
caffine
nicotine

Front 41

Shikonin?

Back 41

Burns, wounds, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory
Suppress HIV by inhibiting virus repetition

Front 42

Taxol?

Back 42

Came from USA National Cancer Institute large scale screening of natural products.
Cancer drug - freezes mitotic spindle preventing chromosomal seperation

Front 43

Gene replacement therapy?

Back 43

Gene therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease. It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development.

Front 44

name the type of cell responsible for secondary non-specific immune response

Back 44

Phagocytes.
Names the three most common

Hint 44

Neutrophils
macrophages
dendrites

Front 45

3 types of non-specific immune response

Back 45

barriers (skin, mucus, oils, acids)
inflamatory
phagocytes

Front 46

type of cell involved in humoral response?

Back 46

B Lymphocytes

where do the mature

Hint 46

Bone marrow

Front 47

type of cell involved in cell mediated response?

Back 47

T lymphocytes

where do they mature?

Hint 47

Thymus

Front 48

what cell type releases cytokines?

Back 48

effector helper T cells

Front 49

two professional APC

Back 49

APC = antigen presenting cell
1-Phagocytes
2- B cells

What do they use?

Hint 49

MHC2 complex

Front 50

what two things need to happen for a B cell to clone itself?

Back 50

Need to bind to an enemy
need to present a signal peptide which is recognised helper T cell.

how does the helper t recognise?

Hint 50

Because it an effector helper T, its been previously activated by a positive match. Most likely from a pgagocyte

Front 51

how does a effector helper T talk to the B cell

Back 51

Cytokynes

Front 52

how does a effector Tc cell convince an infected cell to undergo apoptosis?

Back 52

perforins and granzymes are exported to the cell via exocytosis

Front 53

who binds to MHC1?

Back 53

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 54

what cell in the body produces antibodies?

Back 54

Plasma cells - activated effector B cells