Biol 1131 Mid-Term Exam

Front 1

What 5 conditions must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

Back 1

1) There must be totally random mating 2) The can be no selection 3) There can be no migration 4) Must be a large population 5) No mutations can occur

Front 2

Sample

Back 2

small, randomly selected, group of individuals used to represent the entire population for the purpose of statistics.

Front 3

If chi-square is greater than the critical value....

Back 3

then we accept the null hypothesis, the probability (p) is greater than .05 that the result is attributable to random chance.

Front 4

If chi-square is less than the critical value...

Back 4

reject null hypothesis, (p) is less than .05, there is less than a 5 percent chance that the results are due to random chance.

Front 5

Rhaphanus sativus

Back 5

scientific name for Radish

Front 6

Hordeum vulgare

Back 6

scientific name for Barley

Front 7

Independent Variable

Back 7

is having the effect

Front 8

Dependent Variable

Back 8

is being affected

Front 9

Gene

Back 9

basic unit of heredity, codes for a trait

Front 10

Allele

Back 10

alternate form of a gene

Front 11

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 11

In a large population, in which there is random mating, and in the absence of forces that would change their proportions, the proportion of alleles at a given locus will remain constant.

Front 12

Selection

Back 12

the differential reproduction of genotypes, it is the major reason for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and the principal process that leads to evolutionary change.

Front 13

3 Sentence Summary

Back 13

Genes mutate. Individuals are selected. Populations evolve.

Front 14

Directional Selection (purifying selection)

Back 14

selection against one of the homozygotes, but not the other. tends to favor one allele. may result in fixation of the favored allele due to complete elimination of its alternative.

Front 15

Stabilizing Selection (heterozygote advantage)

Back 15

selection against both homozygotes, results in an equilibrium. P (dominant allele) stops changing once a certain value is reached. Results is a stable polymorphism.

Front 16

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 16

In a large population, in which there is random mating, and in the absence of forces that would change their proportions, the proportion of alleles at a given locus will remain constant.

Front 17

Selection

Back 17

the differential reproduction of genotypes, it is the major reason for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and the principal process that leads to evolutionary change.

Front 18

3 Sentence Summary

Back 18

Genes mutate. Individuals are selected. Populations evolve.

Front 19

Directional Selection (purifying selection)

Back 19

selection against one of the homozygotes, but not the other. tends to favor one allele. may result in fixation of the favored allele due to complete elimination of its alternative.

Front 20

Stabilizing Selection (heterozygote advantage)

Back 20

selection against both homozygotes, results in an equilibrium. P (dominant allele) stops changing once a certain value is reached. Results is a stable polymorphism.

Front 21

Heritability

Back 21

proportion of phenotypic variation due to genotypic variation.

Front 22

Daphnia magna

Back 22

waterflea

Front 23

Density

Back 23

number of conspecifics in a area

Front 24

Competition

Back 24

interspecific interaction

Front 25

Niche

Back 25

how a thing makes its living; how an organism responds to distribution of resources and competitors.

Front 26

p < .05

Back 26

reject null

Front 27

p > .05

Back 27

accept null

Front 28

Complete Count

Back 28

only practical for small populations or those that need to be watched closely and whose specific numbers need be known (endangered species). Best with slow, sedentary organisms with long generation times.

Front 29

Direct Sample

Back 29

count all individuals in a manageable area within the populations range, from this the overall pop. can be extrapolated by using the formula (N sub est) = (N sub c) x (total area [Atot]/area covered by sample [Ac])

Front 30

Lincoln-Peterson Index

Back 30

estimated number of individuals (N sub "est") = the number of individuals marked in the first round of captures (N sub m) times the total number of individuals captured in the second round (N sub 2nd) divided by the number of marked individuals in the second round (N sub r) Nest=(Nm*N2nd)/Nr

Front 31

Bailey's Modification (to the LPI)

Back 31

add one to N2nd and to Nr, proceed as normal Nest=(Nm *(N2nd +1)) / (Nr +1)

Front 32

Sampling w/ Removal

Back 32

is sometimes necessary, bad for the population, results in a decrease in the population which will skew samples done to the same population in the future.

Front 33

Chi-square

Back 33

is a statistical test that is appropriate for determining the probability that differences between observed and expected frequencies for different categories may be attributed to random chance (null hypothesis)

Front 34

Gene Pool

Back 34

all the genes in a population.

Front 35

Gause's Law

Back 35

complete competitors cannot exist. 2 species competing for the same resources cannot stably coexist if all other ecological factors are constant.

Front 36

Temporal Resource Partitioning

Back 36

use of same resource at different times

Front 37

Spatial Resource Partitioning

Back 37

same resource used in different areas (e.g. different regions of one national park)

Front 38

Morphological Resource Partitioning

Back 38

same resource, utilized in different ways, results in a morphological change in one of the two competitors.