Biol 1130 Third Exam

Front 1

Hepatophyta

Back 1

Liverworts: no filamentous stage, flat gametophyte. Non-tracheophyte

Front 2

Anthocerophyta

Back 2

Hornworts: embedded archegonia, sporophyte grows basally. Non-tracheophyte

Front 3

Bryophyta

Back 3

Mosses: has a filamentous stage, sporophyte grows apically. Non-tracheophyte

Front 4

Lycophyta

Back 4

Club Mosses: microphylls in spirals, sporangia in leaf axils. Nonseed Tracheophyte. oldest extant group of vascular plants.

Front 5

Pteridophyta

Back 5

Ferns and Allies: differentiation between main axis and side branches. Nonseed Tracheophyte.

Front 6

Cycadophyta

Back 6

Cycads: compound leaves, swimming sperm, seeds on modified leaves. Gymnosperm. Tracheophyte. Seed Plant.

Front 7

Ginkgophyta

Back 7

Ginkgo: deciduous, fan-shaped leaves, swimming sperm. Gymnosperm. Tracheophyte. Seed Plant.

Front 8

Gnetophyta

Back 8

Gnetophytes: vessels in vascular tissue, opposite simple leaves. Tracheophyte. Gymnosperm. Seed Plant.

Front 9

Pinophyta

Back 9

Conifers: seeds in woody cones, needle-like or scale-like leaves. Gymnosperm. Tracheophyte. Seed Plant.

Front 10

Angiosperms

Back 10

Flowering Plants: endosperm, carpels, much reduced gametophytes, seeds in fruit.

Front 11

Non-tracheophytes

Back 11

include mosses, hornworts and liverworts (bryophyta, hepatophyta and anthocerophyta respectively) lack vascular tissue, gametophyte (n) is the dominant generation. sporophyte is dependent upon gametophyte.

Front 12

Tracheophytes

Back 12

sporophyte is dominant generation, sporophyte is largely independent of gametophyte, gametophyte very water dependent (no vascular tissue, swimming sperm)

Front 13

Lycophyta

Back 13

Club Mosses. ancient group rep. by tree sized plants. have vascular tissue. stems, roots and leaves present. present day species small, moss-sized things. free living, water requiring gametophyte (no vascular tissue, swimming sperm)

Front 14

Pteridophyta

Back 14

ancient relatives tree-sized - now extinct. have silicon in their tissue. only remaining genus is Equisetum (horsetails). free living, water requiring gametophyte.

Front 15

Ferns

Back 15

pteridophyta. most common seedless plant today. have vascular tissue. stems, roots and leaves present. free living, water requiring gametophyte.

Front 16

Opisthokonts

Back 16

include animals and fungi (as well as some unicellular organisms like choanoflagellates). grouped together on the morphological grounds that all have, at some point in their life cycle, a unicellular motile stage bearing a single posterior flagellum and flattened mitochondrial christae.

Front 17

Mycelium

Back 17

the vegetative body of a multicellular fungus, composed of hyphae.

Front 18

Hyphae

Back 18

long, branching, filamentous cells of a fungus. in most fungi they are the main mode of vegetative growth. yeasts don't utilize them.

Front 19

Septa

Back 19

incomplete cross-walls that form cell like compartments in the hyphae.

Front 20

Septate v. Coenocytic

Back 20

septate means divided, coenocytic means not. asco and basidio have the former (hyphae are septate) chytridio and zygo the latter (hyphae are coenocytic)

Front 21

Chytridiomycota

Back 21

most similar to ancestral fungi, only fungus to have flagella at any stage in life cycle. some are unicellular, others have coenocytic hyphae. classed with fungi due to chitinous cell walls and molecular data. no dikrayon. either parasitic or saprobic. most live in fresh water or soil; some are marine. both sex and asex.

Front 22

Dikaryon

Back 22

apomorphy in zygo, asco and basidio. no gamete cells just gamete nuclei. neither haploid (n) nor diploid (2n) but (n+n) dikaryotic. genes of both parents are present in the dikaryon and can be expressed.

Front 23

Zygomycota

Back 23

coenocytic hyphae. sex by fusion of gametangia. only one diploid cell - the zygospore. most common in endomycorrhizal associations.

Front 24

Rhizopus stoloner

Back 24

black bread mold. zygo.

Front 25

Basidiomycota

Back 25

septate hyphae. possess a basidium - with cell bearing basidiospores. fruiting structures (basidiocarps): mushrooms, puffballs and giant bracket fungi. Most common in ectomycorrhizal associations.

Front 26

Basidia

Back 26

meiosis gives rise to 4 haploid nuclei. basidiospores produce haploid hyphae. hyphae of different mating types meet and fuse forming dikaryotic hyphae. eventually the dikaryotic mycelium produces a basidiocrap. most common in ectomycorrizhal associations.

Front 27

Ascomycota

Back 27

septate hyphae. produce asci which contain the products of meiosis. ectomycorrhizal.

Front 28

Yeasts

Back 28

unicellular fungi found in the phyla basidio, zygo and asco. reproduce by budding, fission or sex. no chytridio yeast.

Front 29

Lichens

Back 29

symbiotic associations of a fungus with a cyanobacterium or unicellular photosynthetic protozoan. serve as bioindicators of air pollution. the fungus of most lichens are asco.

Front 30

Cuticle

Back 30

adaptation to land-living in plants. it is a waxy covering that prevents drying.

Front 31

Gametangia

Back 31

cases that enclose gametes and prevent them from drying.

Front 32

Embryo (plant)

Back 32

young sporophyte contained within a protective structure.

Front 33

Pigments

Back 33

provide plants with protection against mutagenic radiation.

Front 34

Phloem

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conducts the products of photosynthesis from sites where they are produced to sites where they are stored.

Front 35

Xylem

Back 35

conducts water and minerals from the soil to the aerial parts of the plant.

Front 36

Lignin

Back 36

one of the most abundant organic polymers on earth, second only to cellulose. it is more hydrophobic than the polysaccharide components of plant cell walls and thus conducts water better.

Front 37

Strobilus

Back 37

a structure present on many plant species consisting of leaf-like, sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem. characterized by a central axis (anatomically a stem) surrounded by spirally arranged or decussate structures that may be modified leaves or modified stems.

Front 38

Saprobe

Back 38

An organism that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter. The majority of fungi are saprobes (they are the principal decomposers or cellulose and lignin).

Front 39

Chitin

Back 39

a shared, derived trait for fungi, choanoflagellates and animals. It is much like cellulose except it has an N-acetyl group at C-2.

Front 40

Isogamy

Back 40

refers to a form of sexual reproduction involving gametes of similar morphology, differing only in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions

Front 41

Anisogamy

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refers to a form of sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two morphologically dissimilar gametes (differing either in size alone or in size and form).

Front 42

Endomicorrhizae

Back 42

penetrate the interior of the root. (zygomycota do this)

Front 43

Ectomicorrhizae

Back 43

wrap around the root tips and act as a sponge.

Front 44

Lichen Reproduction

Back 44

Lichens reproduce by fragmentation of the thallus or by means of structures called soredia which are dispersed by air currents and develop into a new lichen.

Front 45

Soredia

Back 45

powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or green algae. dispersed by wind.

Front 46

Haustoria

Back 46

is the hyphal tip of a parasitic fungus (or of the root of a parasitic plant) that penetrates the host's tissue but stays outside the host cell membrane. They invade the plant and grow mycelium throughout it's structure soaking up nutrients and water.

Front 47

Ascospore

Back 47

is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes. An ascus generally contains 8 ascospores (produced by a meiotic division - which turns the original diploid zygote into 4 haploids - followed by a mitotic division - in which each haploid divides forming 4 pairs)

Front 48

Plesiomorphy

Back 48

ancestral state. characteristic that is present at the base of the tree.

Front 49

Apomorphy

Back 49

derived state. characteristic believed to have evolved within the tree

Front 50

A symmetrical animal...

Back 50

can be divided into similar halves along at least one plane.

Front 51

Spherical Symmetry

Back 51

widespread among protists, body parts radiate out from a central point.

Front 52

Radial Symmetry

Back 52

has one main axis around which its body parts are arranged.

Front 53

Bilaterally Symmetrical

Back 53

an animal that can be divided into two mirror images along a single plane.

Front 54

Body Cavities

Back 54

are fluid filled spaces that lie between cell layers, have a great influence on how an animal moves. 3 major categories: acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates.

Front 55

Acoelomates

Back 55

no enclosed body cavity, space between gut and body wall filled with cells called mesenchyme.

Front 56

Mesenchyme

Back 56

connective tissue made of mesenchymal cells and reinforced by collagen, acts as a type of skeleton by providing attachment points for muscles. the mesenchyme (in acoelomates) contains all the internal organs and facilitates the passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes.

Front 57

Mesenchymal Cell Types

Back 57

Fixed cells and Stem cells (which can develop into any kind of cell, help regeneration after damage and are involved in asexual reproduction.

Front 58

Pseudocoelomates

Back 58

have a pseudocoel, a liquid filled space in which organs are suspended.

Front 59

All Pseudocoelomates are protostomes but...

Back 59

not all protostomes are pseudocoelomates.

Front 60

Coelomates

Back 60

have a coelom that develops within the mesoderm, lined with peritoneum and enclosed on the inside and outside by muscles.

Front 61

Protostomes

Back 61

mouth first. Ecdysozoa, Platyzoa, Lophotrochozoa.

Front 62

Ecdysozoa

Back 62

includes arthropods and nematodes. characterized by ecdysis. they produce amoeboid sperm and don't spirally cleave (like the spiralian lophotrochozoans, the other protostome lineage.)

Front 63

Porifera

Back 63

Sessile Acoelomates. aggregation of cells built around a water canal system. Lined with choanocytes whose flagella move water through the canal. draw in water through pores on their surface, water exits through the osculum. separated from other animal lineages earliest.

Front 64

Cnidaria

Back 64

jellyfish, coral and other stingers, united based on the presumption that their nematocysts have been inherited by a single common ancestor. Antho-(true corals and anemones), Cubo-(box jellies), Hyrdo-(hydra), Scypho-(true jellies) zoans.

Front 65

Cnidarians are...

Back 65

diploblastic acoelomates having a single entrance to a blind gut. body plan is designed for a low metabolic rate and the ability to capture large prey, allows for survival in environments where prey is scarce.

Front 66

Ctenophores

Back 66

have eight comb rows of fused cilia (ctenes) along the side of the animal which beat synchronously and propel the animal through the water. Lack Nematocysts. use sticky colloblasts to capture prey.

Front 67

Ctenophores are...

Back 67

also known as comb jellies. superficially similar to cnidarians. have 2 cells layers separated by a thick mesoglea, radial symmetry, feeding tentacles (colloblasts) low metabolic rates. acoelomates. have a complete gut (separate mouth and anus).

Front 68

Protostome Uniting Characters

Back 68

CNS with anterior brain. Ventral Nervous System consisting of paired or fused longitudinal nerve cords. Free floating larvae with a food collecting system of compound cilia on multiciliate cells. Blastopore becomes mouth, spiral cleavage in some groups.

Front 69

2 Lineages of Protostomes

Back 69

Lophotrochozoans - some cleave spirally. grow by adding to the size of their skeletal elements and use cilia for locomotion
Ecdysozoans - increase size by molting their exoskeletons (ecdysing) and move by mechanisms other than ciliary action.

Front 70

Playhelminthes

Back 70

simplest of the lophotrochozoans, also known as platyzoans. they are bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented acoelomates. No organs for transporting oxygen to internal tissues, simple organs for excreting metabolic wastes.

Front 71

Platyhelminthes...

Back 71

digestive tract is a mouth opening into a blind sac (highly branched to increase SA) they feed on living or dead animal tissue. move by beating broad bands of cilia.

Front 72

Rotifera

Back 72

bilaterally symmetrical, pseudocoelomates, unsegmented, three cell layers. they're tiny but have highly developed internal organs. possess a complete gut. pseudocoelom acts as hydrostatic skeleton, move by beating cilia.

Front 73

Lophotrochozoan Lineage

Back 73

divided into two after divergence of platyhelminthes and rotifera. into the lophophorates and spiralians.

Front 74

Three surviving lophophorate lineages...

Back 74

phoronida, brachiopoda, bryozoa.

Front 75

Lophophorates

Back 75

are primarily marine, filter feeders. have a lophophore. Nearly all are sessile.

Front 76

Lophophore

Back 76

ridge around the mouth of lophophorates bearing two rows of hollow ciliated tentacles used for collecting food and exchanging gases.

Front 77

Spiralians

Back 77

lophotrochozoan. gave rise to many phyla, more than a dozen are wormlike with bilateral symmetry, no legs and soft bodies that are many times longer than they are wide. body plan allows efficient movement through sandy marine sediment.

Front 78

Ribbon Worms

Back 78

carnivorous spiralians, similar in structure to flatworms but have a complete digestive tract. small ones move by cilia, larger ones move by body muscle contraction.

Front 79

Segmentation

Back 79

allows an animal to alter the shape of its body in complex ways and to more precisely control its movement. Annelids are segment worms, found in marine, terrestrial and fresh water environments.

Front 80

Segmented Worms

Back 80

each segment controlled by a separate ganglion, which are all connected together to coordinate their function, the coelom in each segment is isolated from those in other segments. thin body wall serves as surface for gas exchange and limits annelids to moist environments.

Front 81

Polychaeta

Back 81

class to which more than half of the annelid species belong. most are marine. possess chitinous chetae on their parapodia. sometimes called bristleworms.

Front 82

Parapodia

Back 82

lateral extension from the body wall of most segments on a segmented worm, function in gas exchange and sometimes movement. Setae protrude from each of them and form temporary attachments to the substrate.

Front 83

Oligochaeta

Back 83

Annelids. live in freshwater or terrestrial habitats, have no parapodia, eyes, or anterior tentacles. all are hermaphroditic, eggs are laid in a cocoon outside the adult's body.

Front 84

Mollusca

Back 84

range in size from small snails to giant squid, 3 major structural components - foot, mantle, visceral mass.

Front 85

Foot (Mollusca)

Back 85

large muscular structure that originally was both an organ of locomotion and support for the internal organs.

Front 86

Mantle (Mollusca)

Back 86

fold of tissue that covers the visceral mass of internal organs. often extends beyond the visceral mass to form the mantle cavity.

Front 87

Radula

Back 87

rasping feeding structure of mollusks..

Front 88

Bivalvia

Back 88

hinged mollusks, 2 part shell that extends over the sides and top of their body, largely sedentary animals (include scallops, clams, oysters and mussels).

Front 89

Gastropods

Back 89

snail and slugs, mostly motile, most species rich and widely distributed of the molluscan classes and are the only terrestrial forms of mollusks.

Front 90

Cephalopods

Back 90

have modified their mantle into a device that forcibly ejects water from their body cavity allowing rapid movement through the water and control over their buoyancy. enhanced mobility has allowed them to become major predators. have bilateral symmetry and a prominent head. octopus, nautilus, squid.

Front 91

Shared Derived Traits of Deuterostomes

Back 91

dorsal nervous system and anterior brain, larvae (if present) have a food collecting system with cells having a single cilium. blastopore becomes anus. radial cleavage in all groups.

Front 92

Protostomes and Deuterostomes that dominate today's fauna...

Back 92

have been evolving separately since the Cambrian Period, members of both lineages are bilaterally symmetrical and have cephalization.

Front 93

Protostomes: Ecdysozoans

Back 93

molting, flexible cuticles made of collagen, unsegmented exoskeletons.

Front 94

Protostomes: Arthropods and sister group

Back 94

chitin in exoskeleton, segmented external skeletons, calcium salts for hardening.

Front 95

Protostomes: Jointed Appendages

Back 95

crustaceans - dominant marine group
hexapods - insects, terrestrial descendants of marine crustaceans
myriapods - centipedes and millipedes
chelicerata - arachnids and relatives

Front 96

Ecdysozoans with wormlike bodies covered by cuticle

Back 96

3 phyla: kinoryncha, priapulida, chaetognatha. thin cuticle allows for exchange of gases, minerals and water but restricts animals to moist habitat. body supported primarily by hydrostatic skeleton.

Front 97

Nematophores and Nematodes

Back 97

two phyla of ecdysozoans that represent a clade with tough external cuticles. nematodes have a thick multilayered cuticle that gives their body its shape.

Front 98

Chitin

Back 98

developed by some ecdysozoans during the Precambrian, it's a strong, flexible, waterproof polysaccharide serving as a rigid body covering giving both support and locomotory functions.

Front 99

Chitinous Exoskeleton

Back 99

doesn't allow wormlike movement and requires appendages.

Front 100

Trilobites

Back 100

once the dominant line of arthropods in the paleozoic seas before becoming extinct by the mesozoic. had jointed appendages and showed the beginnings of specialization.

Front 101

Arthropod Appendages

Back 101

have evolved a variety of forms and functions - walking, swimming, flying, gas exchange, food capture, copulation, sensory perception

Front 102

Similarities in segmentation patterns among arthropods...

Back 102

arise from actions of homologous developmental genes (hox genes)

Front 103

Arthropod Body Plan

Back 103

characterized by rigid exoskeleton with jointed appendages.

Front 104

4 Major Arthropod Phyla

Back 104

crustacea - crustacea
hexapoda - insects
myriapoda - centipedes and millipedes
chelicerata - spiders and ticks

Front 105

Crustacea

Back 105

dominant marine arthropods, 3 part body plan: head (segments fused together with 5 pairs of appendages), thorax (multiple segments usually bearing one pair of appendages each), and abdomen (multiple segments, one pair of appendages each)

Front 106

Arthropods invaded terrestrial environments...

Back 106

during the devonian period. "preadapted" with a waterproof chitinous exoskeleton.

Front 107

The Hexapods

Back 107

are the most prominent colonizers of terrestrial habitats, they are found in all freshwater and terrestrial environments. roughly 1.4 million species described, only a fraction have been discovered.

Front 108

Hexapods and Crustaceans

Back 108

separated about 450mya

Front 109

Hexapod Success

Back 109

due in part to their wings, which arose only once during insect evolution.

Front 110

Insect Body Plan

Back 110

3 basic parts. head (with single pair of antennae) - thorax (with three pairs of legs)- abdomen

Front 111

Winged Insects

Back 111

3 major lineages - winged insects that cannot fold their wings back against their body, those that can fold their wings back and undergo incomplete metamorphosis, and those that can fold their wings and undergo complete metamorphosis.

Front 112

Cannot Fold Wings

Back 112

Odonata (dragonflies)
Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Only surving groups of this lineage.

form paleoptera along with the damselfly.

Front 113

Can Fold, Incomplete Meta

Back 113

hatchlings are similar to adults
Orthoptera (crickets, roaches, mantids)
Isoptera (termites)
Plecoptera (stoneflies)
Dermaptera (earwigs)
Thysanoptera (thrips)
Hemiptera (true bugs)
Homoptera (aphids, cicadas, leafhoppers)

Front 114

Can Fold, Complete Meta

Back 114

life stages specialized for living in different environments.
Neuroptera (lacewings)
Coleoptera (beetles)
Trichoptera (caddisflies)
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)
Diptera (flies)
Hymenoptera(bees, wasps, ants)

Front 115

Chelicerates

Back 115

chelicerata. 2 major body regions - cephalothorax and abdomen. anterior bears 2 pairs of appendages modified to form mouth parts, usually four pairs of walking legs. spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks most species rich - members of Arachnida.

Front 116

Modern Deuterostome Clades

Back 116

Echinoderms and Hemichordates compose one clade - characterized by a three-part coelom and bilateral symmetry, ciliated larvae. The other clade is the Chordates - ancestors had tadpole like larvae and a three part coelom, bilateral symmetry and a unique dorsal supporting structure.

Front 117

Echinodermata

Back 117

2 major structural features -- system of calcified internal plates covered by thin layers of skin and muscles and a water vascular system consisting of a network of calcified hydraulic canals leading to tube feet.

Front 118

Sea Stars

Back 118

class Asteroidea, tube feet serve as organs of locomotion and sites for gas exchange. they prey on fish, bivalves, gastropods and polychaetes.

Front 119

Chordata

Back 119

evolved a body plan characterized by the notochord (internal dorsal support structure)

Front 120

Chordates

Back 120

are bilaterally symmetrical animals with pharyngeal slits, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a ventral heart, and tail extending beyond the anus and a notochord.

Front 121

Three Subphyla of Chordates

Back 121

Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata.

Front 122

Tunicates

Back 122

urochordata - may be similar to ancestor of all chordates, all are marine and most are sessile as adults, larva has pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord and notochord, the notochord and nerve cord are lost during meta.

Front 123

Lancelets

Back 123

cephalochordata - tiny fishlike animals, notochord extends the length of their body throughout their lives, live partly buried in marine sediments.

Front 124

Vertebrates

Back 124

have a jointed dorsal vertebral column that replaced the notochord as their primary support.

Front 125

Vertebrate Body Plan

Back 125

rigid internal skeleton, two pairs of appendages, anterior skull (with large brain) internal organs suspended in a large coelom, well developed circulatory system (driven by a ventral heart) hox genes duplicated in vertebrate lineage.

Front 126

Euglenozoans

Back 126

include the euglenoids and kinetoplastids.

Front 127

Alveolates

Back 127

include the ciliates, dinoflagellates and apicomplexans

Front 128

Stramenopiles

Back 128

include oomycetes, diatoms and brown algae

Front 129

Opisthokonts

Back 129

include fungi, animals and choanoflagellates.

Front 130

One Common Ancestor..

Back 130

that diverged at about the same time as the euglenozoans gave rise to the stramenopiles, alveolates, red algae, green algae, plants and opisthokonts.

Front 131

The availability of water...

Back 131

is a key difference between the aquatic and terrestrial environments.

Front 132

Adaptations to Land Living (plants)

Back 132

cuticle
gametangia
embryos
pigments
spore walls
mutualistic assocations

Front 133

Alt of Gen

Back 133

Gametophyte (n) --> egg/sperm produced --> Fertilization --> zygote --> embryo --> Sporophyte (2n) --> meiosos --> spore --> gametophyte.

Front 134

Non-Tracheophytes

Back 134

bryophyta, hepatophyta, and anthocerophyta. (mosses, liverworts and hornworts, respectively) dominant gametophyte, sporophyte dependent upon gametophyte.

Front 135

Odonata

Back 135

dragonfly order, cannot fold wings back against body.

Front 136

Ephemeroptera

Back 136

mayfly order, cannot fold wings.

Front 137

Orthoptera

Back 137

roach, cricket, mantid order, can fold wings back, incomplete metamorphosis

Front 138

Isoptera

Back 138

termites, can fold wings undergo incomplete meta

Front 139

Plecoptera

Back 139

stoneflies, can fold wings incomplete meta

Front 140

Dermaptera

Back 140

earwig, can fold wings incomplete meta

Front 141

Thysanoptera

Back 141

thrips, can fold wings back, undergo incomplete metamorphosis

Front 142

Hemiptera

Back 142

true bugs, can fold wings incomplete meta

Front 143

Homoptera

Back 143

aphids, cicada, leafhoppers, can fold wings, incomplete meta

Front 144

Neuroptera

Back 144

lacewings, can fold wings, complete meta

Front 145

Coleoptera

Back 145

beetles, can fold wings, complete meta

Front 146

Trichoptera

Back 146

caddisflies, can fold wings complete meta

Front 147

Lepidoptera

Back 147

butterflies and moths, can fold wings complete meta

Front 148

Diptera

Back 148

flies, can fold wings complete meta

Front 149

Hymenoptera

Back 149

bees, wasps, ants, can fold wings complete meta.

Front 150

Hox Genes

Back 150

group of genes that specify the anterior/posterior axis of the segment identity of metazoan organisms during early embryonic development. these genes are critical for the proper number and placement of embryonic segment structures.

Front 151

Crustacea

Back 151

crustaceans, one of the 4 major arthropod sub-phyla.

Front 152

Hexapoda

Back 152

insects, one of the 4 major arthropod sub-phyla.

Front 153

Myriapoda

Back 153

centipedes and millipedes, one of the 4 major arthropod sub-phyla.

Front 154

Chelicerata

Back 154

spiders, ticks. one of the 4 major arthropod sub-phyla.

Front 155

Mesoglea

Back 155

translucent, inert jellylike substance that makes up most of the bodies of cnidarians and ctenophores, acts as structural support but has no bone nor cartilage, hasn't very many cells so animals with mesoglea needn't eat very often.

Front 156

Scyphozoa

Back 156

cnidarians, true jellyfish

Front 157

Cubozoa

Back 157

cnidarians, box jellies

Front 158

Hydrozoa

Back 158

cnidarians, freshwater jellies, polyps.

Front 159

Anthozoan

Back 159

cnidarians, sea anemones and corals

Front 160

Chitin

Back 160

is the main component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans (e.g. crabs, lobsters and shrimps) and insects, the radulas of mollusks and the beaks of cephalopods, including squid and octopuses.

Front 161

Cyanobacteria

Back 161

blue-green algae, photosynthetic prokaryotes

Front 162

Proteobacteria

Back 162

pathogens such as salmonella and eschericia, many nitrogen fixing bacteria

Front 163

Eubacteria

Back 163

true bacteria

Front 164

Euglenozoa

Back 164

flagellate protozoans, eukaryotes, include euglenids and kinetoplastids

Front 165

Euglenids

Back 165

freshwater flagellates some of which are photosynthetic, eukaryote.

Front 166

Kinetoplastids

Back 166

flagellate protozoans, many are disease causing parasites, eukaryote, have a kinetoplast (DNA containing granule inside the mitochondrion)

Front 167

Alveolate

Back 167

Ciliates, very common protozoa, with many short cilia arranged in rows
Apicomplexa, parasitic protozoa that lack axonemal locomotive structures except in gametes
Dinoflagellates, mostly marine flagellates, many of which have chloroplasts
Cortical Alveoli

Front 168

Stramenopila

Back 168

heterokonts, most are algae, include watermolds, diatoms and brown algae.

Front 169

Rhodophyta (Red Algae)

Back 169

eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles, using floridean starch as food reserve, with phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments (giving them their red color), and with chloroplasts lacking external endoplasmic reticulum and containing unstacked thylakoids. Most red algae are also multicellular, macroscopic, marine, and have sexual reproduction.

Front 170

Chlorophyta

Back 170

green algae, photosynthetic aquatic eukaryotes.

Front 171

Charophyta

Back 171

eukaryotes, closest relatives to embryophytes.

Front 172

Diplomonads and Parabasalids...

Back 172

lack mitochondria.

Front 173

A kinetoplastid...

Back 173

is any organism with a single mitochondria in each cell.

Front 174

Apicomplexans

Back 174

are animal parasites, example - plasmodium; parasite responsible for malaria.

Front 175

The nucleus originated...

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due to infolding of the plasma membrane, not due to endosymbiosis.

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Protista Clades

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Euglenoids, Ciliates, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Chlorophyta

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Echinoderms and Hemichordates

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deuterostomes characterized by a 3 part coelom, bilaterally symmetrical ciliated larvae

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Chordates

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ancestors of this clade had tadpole-like larvae, 3 part coelom, unique dorsal supporting structure (notochord)

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Two major structural features of echinoderms...

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internal calcified plates covered by skin and muscle and a water vascular system leading gout to tube feet.

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Phylum Chordata

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internal dorsal notochord, enlarged pharyngeal slits. ventral heart, post-anal tail.

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Jaws then Lungs...

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then amniote egg, then endothermy.