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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The 4 major chemical groups of hormones? |
1.fatty acid derivatives 2.steroids 3.amino acid derivatives 4.peptides or proteins |
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Fatty acid derivatives examples |
-prostaglandin -found in insects |
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Steroids example |
-cortisol -testosterone -estrogen,progesterone |
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Fatty acid derivatives example (amines) |
-T3 and T4 -Melatonin -epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Peptide and Proteins example |
-ADH -ACTH -glucagon -secretin -insulin -calcitonin -growth hormone |
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what is neuroendocrine signaling? |
-neuroendocrine cells produce neurohormones that are transported down axons and released into interstitial fluid |
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local regulators |
-a signaling molecule that diffuses through interstitial fluid and acts on nearby cells
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two functions of prostaglandins |
(they use paracrine signaling) 1. can cause fever 2. stimulate smooth muscle to contract or relax |
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classic endocrine signaling |
-hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and transported by blood to target cells |
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autocrine signaling |
-a hormone acts on the very cells that produce it -Ex: estrogen can stimulate production of more estrogen |
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paracrine signaling |
-type of local regulation where hormones act on nearby cells -Ex: neurotransmitters carrying signals between nerve cells |
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Examples of local regulators |
1. Growth factors (peptides) that stimulate cell division and normal development 2. Histamines in allergic reactions 3. NO relaxes smooth muscle 4.prostaglandins
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hydrophobic hormones vs. hydrophilic hormones |
HYDROPHOBIC -steroids -lipid soluble -bind to receptors inside cell
HYDROPHILIC -G proteins -bind to outside of cell
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name the 5 actions of hormones in invertebrates |
They regulate: 1.regeneration 2.molting 3.metamorphosis 4.reproduction 5.growth |
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name the 5 functions of hormones in vertebrates |
1.metabolism 2.growth 3.reproduction 4.development 5.fluid balance |
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Posterior lobe of pituitary gland vs. Anterior lobe |
-Posterior lobe releases Oxytocin and ADH -Anterior lobe regulates growth and other endocrine glands |
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function of Insulin |
-stimulates cells to take up glucose from the blood -lowers glucose concentration -stimulates storage of fats and protein synthesis
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function of glucagon |
-stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose -raises blood glucose concentration -mobilizes fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose |
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function fo Islets of Langerhans |
-endocrine tissues of the pancreas -beta cells secrete insulin and alpha cells secrete glucagon - |
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Type I diabetes |
-insulin dependent -due to decline of beta cells -daily injections -autoimmune disorder |
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Type II Diabetes |
-lack functional receptors on target cells -common in overweight people |
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Thyroid and Parathyroid hormones |
-thyroid produces calcitonin -parathyroid produces PTH -antagonistic relationship -calcitonin lowers calcium and PTH raises it
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adrenal cortex hormones |
-steroid hormones -precursor to sex hormones -androgens are converted to testosterone and estrogen -also produces aldosteron and glococorticoids |
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what is aldosterone |
-regulates sodium balance -acts on kidneys |
