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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how long ago did prokaryotes diverge into bacteria and archaea?
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~3.5 billi years ago
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which domain includes the majority of prokaryotes
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bacteria
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what are blue-green bacteria called
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cyanobacteria
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which domain includes prokaryotes that thrive in X-TREME environments like hot springs, submarine volcanic vents, and salty, salty lakes?
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archaea
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domain eukarya includes all organisms with . . .
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a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
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what are the different divisions of eukarya
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kingdoms plantae, fungi, and animalia aaaaaaand assorted protists
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pathogenic bacteria are
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disease-causing
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what are the most widespread and abundant organisms on earth?
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bacteria
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what percentage of bacteria have been identified to species?
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less than one
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aerobic bacteria
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require oxygen for growth and development
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anaerobic bacteria
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cannot tolerate atmospheric oxygen
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facultative anaerobes
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prefer atmospheric oxygen but can survive without it
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bacteria fall into two categories depending upon how they obtain energy called . . .
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heterotrophs and autotrophs
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heterotrophic bacteria
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break down complex organic compounds gleaned from the environment
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autotrophic bacteria
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fix carbon dioxide to make their own food
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photoautotrophic bacteria
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fueled by light energy
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chemoautotrophic bacteria
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oxidize nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements
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if not for bacterial decomposers, organic carbon from decaying organisms would
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deplete atmospheric co2
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decomposition
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the breakdown of dead organisms by bacteria and fungi and nutrient release to the environment
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nitrogen fixing bacteria
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convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form which can be absorbed through plant roots
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cyanobacteria are the foundation of the
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marine food web
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cyanobacteria cells sometimes
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cluster in a gelatinous matrix
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cyanobacteria live in
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extreme environments, including hot springs and bare rock
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akinetes
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large, oval, dense, spore-like cells that survive adverse conditions (cyanobacteria)
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heterocysts
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specialized cells that aid nitrogen fixation in aerobic environments. clear, round or oval cells
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what three types of cyanobacteria did we look at?
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cylindrosperm, nostoc, and oscillitoria
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on an agar plate, fungal colonies appear
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as irregular fuzzy patches
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on an agar plate, bacterial colonies look like
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small, shiny masses
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endosymbiotic theory
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eukaryotic cells formed when aerobic heterotrophic bacteria ingested other bacteria
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the ingestion of aerobic bacteria resulted in formation of
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mitochondria
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ingestion of cyanobacteria resulted in formation of
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chloroplasts
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secondary endosymbiosis resulted in
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the formation of various other plastids when single-celled red or green alga were ingested by other eukaryotic cells
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eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in the composition of their ______ and the structure of their _______
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cell walls, flagella
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what are the five supergroups of protists?
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excavata
chromalveolata rhizaria archaeplastida unikonta |
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what are the three clades in excavata?
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diplomonadida, parabasala, euglenozoa
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diplomonadida (5 characteristics)
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parasitic
lack plastids highly reduced mitochondria two equal sized nuclei multiple flagella |
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parabasala (8 characteristics)
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mainly anaerobic
lack plastids highly reduced mitochondria have golgi-complex that is connected by parabasal fibers to the flagella most live as symbionts; a few are pathogenic parasites release hydrogen gas as by-product one nucleus multiple flagella |
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trichomoniasis
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an std involving the parabasalid trichomonas
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mitosome
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a highly reduced mitochondrion which lacks DNA, ETCs, and enzymes associated with citric acid cycle
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the two common groups of euglenozoans are...
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the euglenids and the kinetoplastids
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kinetoplast
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a single large mitochondrion
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paramylon
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the storage product in photosynthetic euglenozoans
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euglenozoa (3 characteristics)
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one or 2 flagella w/ crystalline rod of unknown function
one large mitochondrion; disk-shaped cristae range from photosynthetic autotrophs to BLOOD PARASITES. |
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euglenids (3 characteristics)
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flagella emerge from a reservoir
pellicle beneath the cell membrane paramylon is the storage molecule |
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kinetoplastids have . . .
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a single large mitochondrion called a kinetoplast
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pellicle
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flexible protein beneath the cell membrane that permits euglena to change shape as it moves
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contractile vacuole
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rids the organism of excess water
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mixotrophic
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live as photosynthetic autotrophs in the presence of light, but absorb organic nutrients as heterotrophs in the absence of light. many euglena are this
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phototropic
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moves toward light
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