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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the roots, stems, leaves, and most reproductive parts of angiosperms and gymnosperms are a)haploid or b)diploid?
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b) diploid
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sporophyte
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diploid plant body; produces anthers and ovules in angiosperm- in which cells undergo meiosis--> resulting in haploid spores
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gametophyte
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the plant's haploid generation, result of mitotic division of sporophyte
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In male gametophytes, the haploid spore cells divide into two cells called:
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the tube cell and generative cell
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the surviving spore from the meiosis of the ovule central cell undergoes mitosis to produce..
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an embryo sac
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pollination
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delivery of the pollen to stigma of carpel (most angiosperm depend on animals for this)
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double fertilization
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after pollination, the pollen grain germinates on anther- the tube cell becomes the pollen tube-goes down into ovary; generative cell divides mitotically-makes 2 sperm cells- both go down the pollen tube into embryo sac. One sperm cell fertilizes the embryo, making it a diploid (2n) zygote, the other sperm cell's nucleus becomes a part of the central cell of the embryo sac, forming a triploid (3n) nucleus.
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endosperm
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triploid cell divides to form this nutrient-rich multicellular mass, which nourishes embryo until it become seedling
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simple fruits
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develop from flower with a single carpel and ovary
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aggregate fruit
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develops from flower w/many carpels
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multiple fruit
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develops from group of separate flowers tightly clustered together
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vegetative reproduction involves:
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fragmentation and then regeneration
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phototropism
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growth of shoot towards light; adaptive response
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auxin
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-stimulates stem elongation; affects root growth, differentiation, branching; develoment of fruit, apical dominance; phototrpism and response to gravity; found in meristems of apical buds, young leaves and embryos w/in seeds
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cytokinins
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affects root growth, differentiation; stimulates cell division and growth; stimulates germination; delays aging; made in roots transported to other organs
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gibberellins
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promotes seed germination, bud development, stem elongation, and leaf growth; stimulates flowering and fruit developent; affectrs root growth and differentiation; in meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves, and embryos
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abscisic acid
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inhibits growth; closes stomata during water stress; helps maintain dormancy; in leaves, stems, roots, green fruits
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ethylene
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promotes fruit ripening; opposes some auxin effects; promotes/inhibits growth and development of roots, leaves, flowers, etc.; found in ripening fruits, nodes of stems, aging leaves and flowers
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tropisms (3 types)
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directed growth responses that cause parts of a plant to grow toward or away from a stimulus; phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism
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photoperiod (2 categories)
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relative lengths of day and night, used to detect time of year; short-day plants, long-day plants
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phytochromes
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proteins w/a light absorbing component; absorbs red and far-red light; at sunrise, Pr converted to Pfr (which resets bio. clock of plants)
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systematic acquired resistance
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defense response thats nonspecific, providing protection against a diversity of pathogens for days
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What are the 4 main abiotic factors?
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Solar energy, water, temperature, wind
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population density
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number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume
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mark-recapture method
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(number marked in first catch x total second catch)/ recaptured marked individuals
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dispersion pattern (3 types)
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way individuals are spaced within their area; (most common: clumped; random; uniform)
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exponential growth model; logistic growth model
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G = rN; G = rN ((K-N)/K)
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Factors affecting population growth in natural populations:
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competition for food; availability of space; increased risk of disease; predation; stress; abiotic factors
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4 defining characteristics of a community
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diversity, form of vegetation, response to disturbances, trophic structure
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2 factors affecting biodiversity
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species diversity, relative abundance of each species
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competitive exclusion principle
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formed by Gause; populations of 2 species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are nearly identical; one population will eventually outcompete and eliminate the other
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Batesian mimicry
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palatable harmless species mimics an unpalatable harmful one
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Mullerian mimicry
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2 unpalatable species from same community mimic each other
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nitrogen fixation
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conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia (N2 - NH3)
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denitrification
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conversion of soil nitrates to atnospheric nitrogen
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nitrification
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conversion from ammonium to nitrates
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habituation
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loss of response to stimulus after repeated exposure
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imprinting
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learning that's irreversible and limited to a sensitive time period in an animal's life; often results in a strong bond btwn new offspring and parents
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association
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behavioral change resulting from link btwn behavior and reward/punishment; trial/error learning
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imitation
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learning b observing and mimicking others
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problem solving
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inventive behavior in response to new situation
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optimal foraging
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feeding behavior should provide maximal energy gain with minimal energy expense and minimal time spent foraging
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agonistic behavior
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ariety of threats or actual combat that settles disputes between indiviudals in a population
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dominance hierarchy
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ranking of individuals based on social interactions
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territoriality
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marking territory; associated with uniform patterns
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altruism
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behavior which reduces an individual's fitness while increasing fitness of recipient (ex: queen)
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