Biol-102: Lab 01: Chemistry Overview

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matter

Back 1

is anything that takes up space and has mass

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elements

Back 2

represented by chemical symbols of one or two lettters, such as C (carbon), Ca (calcium) and P (phosphorus)

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atom

Back 3

the smallest quantity of an element that still possesses characteristics of that element

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molecules

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atoms that are chemically bonded together

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compound

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Atoms in a molecule are different

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protons

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positively charged

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neutrons

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negatively charged

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electrons

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no charge
(form the outer regions of atoms)

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ionic bonds

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form between two atoms when one or more electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. The atom that gains electrons has an overall negative charge, and the atom that donates electrons has an overall positive charge. Because of their positive or negative charges, these atoms are ions.
Example: NaCl (salt)

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covalent bonds

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bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms. Neither atom completely retains possession of the electrons (as happens with atoms that form ionic bonds)

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hydrogen bonds

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weak bonds that form between the partially positive charged hydrogen atom in one covalently bonded molecule and the partially negative charged area of another covalently bonded molecule.
Example: H₂O

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inorganic compounds

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compounds without carbon atoms
Example: water, O₂, and NaCl

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organic compounds

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atoms that have carbon atoms

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carbohydrates

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are classified into three groups to the number of sugar (or saccharide) molecules present

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monosaccharide

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simplest kind of carbohydrate. It is a single sugar molecule, such as fructose or glucose

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dissacharide

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consists of two sugar molecules
Example: glucose and fructose link to form sucrose

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polysaccharide

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consists of a series of connected monosaccharides. A polysaccharide is a polymer because it consists of repeating units of monosaccharides. Starch is a polysaccharide made up of a thousand or more glucose molecules and is used in plants for energy storage. A similar polysaccharide, glycogen, is used in animals for the same purpose.

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lipids

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a class of substances that in insoluble in water (and other polar solvents), but are soluble in nonpolar substances (like ether or chloroform). There are three major groups of lipids

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phospholipids

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They are similar to triglycerides except that one of the fatty acid chains is replaced by a phosphate group

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steroids

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are characterized by a backbone of four linked carbon rings.
Example: cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen

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proteins

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polymers of amino acids

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primary structure

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a straight chain of amino acids

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secondary structure

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3D shape that results from hydrogen bonding between amino acids. The bonding produces a spiral (alpha helix) or a folded plane.

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tertiary structure

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3D shaping that results from interaction among R groups.

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quarternary structure

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describes a protein that is assembled from two or more separate peptide chains. The protein hemoglobin, consists of four peptide chains that are held together by hydrogen bonding, interactions among R groups, and disulfide bonds.

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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stores the genetic information of a cell
• DNA passes its genetic instructions to RNA for directing various metabolic activities of the cell
• polymer of nucleotides
• consists of 3 parts: a nitrogen base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group

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RNA

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differs from DNA
• the sugar in RNA is ribose
• thymine is not present, uracil replaces thymine
• single stranded and does not form a double helix

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catalyst

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accelerates the rate of the reaction because it lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to take place
• a catalyst is any substance that accelerates a reaction but does not undergo a chemical change itself

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metabolism

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chemical reactions that occur in biological systems

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enzymes

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act as catalysts for metabolic reactions

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substrate

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the substance on which an enzyme acts on

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induced-fit model

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describes how enzymes work

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ATP

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(adenosine triphosphate)
• common source of activation energy for metabolic reactions

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cofactors

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nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes.

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What are the three kinds of chemial bonds?

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ionic bond, covalent bond and hydrogen bond

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triglycerides

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include fats, oils and waxes. They consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule. Fatty acid are hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end of the chain.

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catabolism

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breakdown of substances

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anabolism

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formation of new products

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In metabolism, the breakdown of substances is called ___.

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catabolism

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True/False: The secondary structure of protein is its three-dimensional shape.

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False

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Which of the following is true of RNA?
a. composed of a nitrogen base, a six-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
b. does not utilize deoxyribose as its sugar
c. is often double stranded
d. has thymine, adenosine, cytosine, and uracil as its nucleotides

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b. does not utilize deoxyribose as its sugar

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True/False: Phospholipids are composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids.

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False

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When a substrate binds to an enzymes active site, this interaction causes the enzyme to change shape. This example of how an enzyme works is called the ___ model.

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induced fit