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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define: interstitial (tissue) fluid
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define: vacuole
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define: vesicle
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define: pseudopods
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A footlike extension of the cytoplasm that enables some cells (with amoeboid motion) to move across a substrate. Pseudopods are also used to surround food particles in the process of phagocytosis
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define: fixed phagocytes
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define: endocytosis
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The cellular uptake of particles that are too large to cross the cell membrane. This occurs by invagination of the cell membrane until a membrane-enclosed vesicle is pinched off within the cytoplasm.
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define: pinocytosis
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Cell drinking: invagination of the cell membrane to form narrow channels that pinch off into vacuoles. This permits cellular intake of extracellular fluid and dissolved molecules.
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define: receptor-mediated endocytosis
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define: selectively permeable
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define: concentration gradient
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define: diffusion
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The net movement of molecules or ions from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration
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define: net diffusion
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define: passive transport
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The transport of molecules and ions across a plasma membrane from higher to lower concentrations; does not require ATP
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define: protein channels (channel proteins)
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define: carrier proteins
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define: simple diffusion
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define: facilitated diffusion
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The carrier-mediated transport of molecules through the cell membrane along the direction of their concentration gradients. It does not require the expenditure of metabolic energy.
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define: active transport
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The movement of molecules or ions across the cell membranes of epithelial cells by membrane carriers. An expenditure of cellular energy (ATP) is required.
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define: pumps
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define: gated channels
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define: osmotic pressure
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define: osmolarity
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A measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution that indicated the total molarity of all of the solutes per liter per solution.
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define: isotonic
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define: hypotonic
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define: hypertonic solution
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Denoting a solution with a greater solute concentration, and thus a greater osmotic pressure, than plasma
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define: aquaporin channels
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define: carrier-mediated transport
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The transport of molecules or ions across a cell membrane by means of specific protein carriers. It includes both facilitated diffusion and active transport.
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define: Ca²⁺ pumps
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define: Na⁺/K⁺ (ATPase) pumps
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define: cotransport
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Also called coupled transport or secondary active transport. Carrier-mediated transport in which a single carrier transports an ion (e.g.n Na⁺) down its concentration gradient while transporting a specific molecule (e.g., glucose) against its concentration gradient. The hydrolysis of ATP is indirectly required for cotransport because it is needed to maintain the steep concentration gradient of the ion.
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define: potential difference
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In biology, the difference in charge between two solutions separated by a membrane. The potential difference is measured in voltage.
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define: membrane potential
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the potential difference or voltage that exists between the two side of a cell membrane. It exists in all cells but is capable of being changed by excitable cells (neurons or muscle cells)
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define: resting membrane potential
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the potential difference across a cell membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state. The resting potential is always negatively charged on the inside of the membrane compared to the outside
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define: receptor proteins
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a specific protein in either the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, or the nucleus of a cell that binds to a particular regulatory molecule; this specific binding is required for the function of the regulatory molecule
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